China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Bipolar Disorder
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Bipolar disorder, also known by its older name of manic depression, is a mental health condition that causes dramatic mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). This results in extreme shifts in mood with corresponding fluctuations in energy and activity levels. Patients can have manic episodes, depressed episodes, or mixed episodes. These episodes may last several weeks or months, with periods of stability in between. There are four types of bipolar disorder and patients are at higher risk for thyroid disease, migraine headaches, heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and other physical illnesses.1 The number one long-term treatment goal of bipolar disorder is stability. Despite the number of medications and psychotherapy techniques, the relapse rate is more than 70% over five years.2
Psychotropic Use during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Bipolar disorder is treated with mood stabilizers (lithium, anticonvulsants, antipsychotics) with an adjuvant antidepressant, if necessary. Lithium is effective in the prophylaxis and treatment of affective psychiatric disorders.
Mood Disorders
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Madeleine A. Becker, Tal E. Weinberger, Leigh J. Ocker
Bipolar disorder is a psychiatric illness characterized by episodes of depression alternating with sustained episodes of elevated mood and/or irritability, which are classified as either “mania” or “hypomania.” Hypomania is an attenuated form of mania with no associated functional impairment. Both mania and hypomania are associated with increased energy, decreased need for sleep, rapid speech and/or thoughts, distractibility, impulsivity, mood lability, and grandiosity. “Mood swings” are not adequate for a diagnosis of bipolar disorder; rather, a patient must have a syndrome characterized by sustained symptoms lasting for several days to weeks.
Comparing the efficacy of aripiprazole as an add-on to valproate with other second-generation antipsychotics in acute mania symptoms in manic patients in Iran
Published in International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 2022
Zeinab Sadat Ayatollahi, Mehran Shayganfard, Hamidreza Jamilian, Anita Alaghmand
A person with bipolar disorder has severe mood swings. This fluctuation usually lasts for weeks or months which is completely different from mood changes that occur normally in daily life. These patients have mainly three pathological moods: severe depression; mania; and mixed mood (defined as depression along with hyperactivity due to mania) (Benazzi 2007). Patients with type 1 bipolar disorder experience at least one period of mania for a week. Although most of the patients have depression periods too, some of them experience only mania. Manic episodes can last between 3 and 6 months without treatment. Depression episodes will last 6–12 months if are left untreated (Treuer and Tohen 2010). The aetiology of these disorders is not fully understood, however, research has indicated that bipolar disorder is inherited. In other words, genes are more effective than the environment. Moreover, researchers hypothesised that these disorders may result from a physical problem in a brain area that controls our mood. Additionally, mood swings can sometimes be caused by stress (Miklowitz and Johnson 2006; Arnold et al. 2021).
Microbiome in Precision Psychiatry: An Overview of the Ethical Challenges Regarding Microbiome Big Data and Microbiome-Based Interventions
Published in AJOB Neuroscience, 2022
Bipolar disorder is a chronic and potentially severe mental condition characterized by extreme mood swings ranging from depression lows to maniac high states (Grande et al. 2016). It affects 1% of the world population with a significant psychosocial disability (Alonso et al. 2011). Several clinical studies have found significant variations in the gut microbial communities between bipolar patients and healthy controls (Evans et al. 2017; Mason et al. 2017). A recent study has detected a significant influence of an atypical antipsychotic “quetiapine;” which has proven effective in bipolar disorder, on the composition of gut microbiota in patients (Lu et al. 2019). A similar study has evaluated the influence of the same drug on microbiota to identify gut microbiota‐based biomarkers to aid in bipolar disorder diagnosis and to predict therapeutic outcomes (Hu et al. 2019). A considerable body of evidence has also shown that patients hospitalized with acute mania had recent exposures to antibiotic treatment that negatively affected their gut microbiota composition (Köhler et al. 2017; Yolken et al. 2016).
Case study: organizing outpatient pharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder in autism, intellectual disability and Phelan-McDermid syndrome (22q13.3 deletion syndrome)
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2022
Anne Langseth Rysstad, Arvid Nikolai Kildahl, Jon Olav Skavhaug, Monica Stolen Dønnum, Sissel Berge Helverschou
Recent findings indicate that bipolar disorder may be one of the most commonly co-occurring conditions in individuals with PHMDS (Kolevzon et al. 2019, Verhoeven et al. 2020), indicating a need for further research on the genetic aspects of bipolar disorder in PHMDS. Little is known regarding whether there are specific genetic variants in PHMDS that carry a particularly increased risk of bipolar disorder or loss of skills. As pointed out by Mitz (2019), cases of bipolar disorder in PHMDS have primarily been described in individuals with smaller deletions (see Kolevzon et al. 2019). This may be because larger deletions are associated with more severe levels of ID and bipolar disorder thus being more challenging to identify, but it is also possible that the risk of bipolar disorder is specifically associated with changes to the SHANK3 gene. Consistent with previous findings, the patient in the current study had a smaller deletion. While the pharmacological aspects of treatment of bipolar disorder has been described in previous studies (Rowland et al. 2018, Egger et al. 2017, 2016, Serret et al. 2015, Denayer et al. 2012, Verhoeven et al. 2012a, 2012b, Vucurovic et al. 2012), the current study may provide a starting point in the discussion of how such treatment may be most appropriately organized, and may aid mental health professionals in conveying hope to families and professional caregivers that treatment may be successful even though this is not always immediately obvious.