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Published in Ken Addley, MCQs, MEQs and OSPEs in Occupational Medicine, 2023
Personality disorders are relatively common but are not easily diagnosed and require a structured clinical assessment process. There is no single approach to treating personality disorders. Talking therapies can be used and include cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT), cognitive analytical therapy (CAT) and psychodynamic/psychoanalytic therapy. Medication may include anti-depressants; mood stabilisers; anti-psychotic medications and anxiolytics. Substance abuse is not uncommon in personality disorder but is probably less than 20%, not 50%. Those diagnosed with a personality disorder have been recognised as having a disability as defined in EU/UK disability discrimination legislation.
Mood Disorders
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Madeleine A. Becker, Tal E. Weinberger, Leigh J. Ocker
Bipolar disorder is a psychiatric illness characterized by episodes of depression alternating with sustained episodes of elevated mood and/or irritability, which are classified as either “mania” or “hypomania.” Hypomania is an attenuated form of mania with no associated functional impairment. Both mania and hypomania are associated with increased energy, decreased need for sleep, rapid speech and/or thoughts, distractibility, impulsivity, mood lability, and grandiosity. “Mood swings” are not adequate for a diagnosis of bipolar disorder; rather, a patient must have a syndrome characterized by sustained symptoms lasting for several days to weeks.
Depression
Published in Henry J. Woodford, Essential Geriatrics, 2022
Befriending schemes offering companionship and support, usually provided by volunteers, have been tried to tackle loneliness. So far there is only weak evidence of a benefit from clinical trials.18 Alcohol intake, where relevant, should be reduced or discontinued. Exercise can help to elevate mood. Medications that have depression listed as a potential adverse effect are commonly prescribed to people with depression.19 Such drugs should be reviewed to establish their ongoing need and consider alternative options. Commonly used medications with low mood reported as an adverse effect include:Acid suppressing drugs (e.g. proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists)Anticonvulsants (e.g. gabapentin, pregabalin, levetiracetam)Beta-blockersCetirizineOpiatesSedatives (e.g. benzodiazepines, z-drugs)
Personality and Affective Correlates of Openness to Experience from Big Five and HEXACO Personality Models: The Dual Nature of Big Five Openness
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2023
Lana Tucaković, Boban Nedeljković
Mania is characterized by elated, expansive, or irritable mood, racing thoughts, difficulty maintaining attention, inflated self-esteem, severe sleep disturbances, and frequently followed by psychotic features (Bijma et al., 2020). Somewhat consistent findings are obtained regarding the association between the trait of Openness to Experience and mania. More specifically, positive associations were obtained between Openness to Experience and mania (e.g., Forgeard et al., 2019; Furnham et al., 2008; Hosang et al., 2017; Knežević et al., 2017; Meyer, 2002; Quilty et al., 2009), while one study reported there was no significant association (Quilty et al., 2013). This may occur because the association between Openness to Experience and mania depends on the measurement instruments used and which facets of Openness to Experience are emphasized.
An examination of the mental health and academic performance of student veterans
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2022
Kent D. Hinkson, Malisa M. Drake-Brooks, Kate L. Christensen, Michelle D. Chatterley, Audrianne K. Robinson, Sheila E. Crowell, Paula G. Williams, Craig J. Bryan
PTSD and depression have been independently linked to lower grade point averages (GPA) among university students.14–17 Symptoms of depression include depressed mood, loss of interest, insomnia or excessive sleep, changes in activity level, changes in appetite, feelings of worthlessness/guilt, and decreased ability to focus or concentrate.18 These negative effects are particularly pronounced in the classroom, with many students having reported missing class, exams, or assignments because of their symptoms.17 The number of students experiencing negative effects from depression has increased from 11.4% to 16.7% over the last five years. 19 While the reason behind this increase is not yet well understood, its impact on overall academic achievement is evident through decreased exam scores and course grades, as well as higher rates of students dropping classes and receiving an incomplete grade.19
The association between commuting, mood and job performance: the structural equation modelling approach
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Gizem Serin Atis, Aygen Beste Ozic, Tolga Bukruk, Ece Ozkaya, Ozge Kantas Yorulmazlar
Although subjective well-being is a broad concept including a range of concepts from daily mood to general life satisfaction [21], little has been done to examine the association between subjective mood and commuting. Mood, as a well-being component, can be defined as a state that subtly influences the experiences, behaviours and cognition of a person [22]. According to the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), mood is a pervasive and sustained emotional climate which stresses the enduring and continuous nature of mood [23]. Previous studies on commuting-induced mood clearly revealed that longer trip duration and commute duration was associated with negative mood [5–7,24]. Conflicting results also exist about the association between commuting and mood. For example, Brutus et al. [11] reported statistically insignificant correlation between commute duration and mood upon arrival at work.