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Accepting the Challenge
Published in Brian C. Miller, Reducing Secondary Traumatic Stress, 2021
The field of occupational psychology has studied emotional labor since the concept was identified in 1983 by sociologist Arlie Hochschild (Hochschild, 1983). Emotional labor refers to the process of managing one’s feelings as part of one’s job. Since the term was coined, there have been decades of research about the emotional labor of job roles such as sales, medicine, and social work. I will draw from the evidence to develop strategies for reducing the amount of emotional labor it takes to do our work.
How do Online Social Networks Influence People’s Emotional Lives?
Published in Ciarán Mc Mahon, Psychological Insights for Understanding COVID-19 and Media and Technology, 2020
Ethan Kross, Susannah Chandhok
An early challenge to these findings came in 2014 when a group of researchers published a controversial experiment in which they manipulated the percentage of positive and negative emotional words contained in 689,003 Facebook users’ news feeds for one week (Kramer, Guillory, & Hancock, 2014).1 The researchers leading the study were interested in examining emotional contagion on social media—i.e., the idea that emotions could spread across social networks just like diseases are transmitted between people who come into physical contact with each other. They predicted that consuming different amounts of positive (or negative) information on social media should lead people to experience more positive or negative emotions in their own lives. They furthermore suggested that they could index people’s emotional states by counting the number of emotion words contained in their Facebook posts.
Surviving and Thriving in Medicine
Published in Clare Gerada, Zaid Al-Najjar, Beneath the White Coat, 2020
Supervision is not about performance monitoring or being pulled up on things not being quite right. When explaining what clinical supervision is, I often use the following visualisation. Imagine you and your patient are both wearing Velcro suits, yours is over your white coat. Most things that these suits come into contact with will stick. The patient arrives laden down with pain, distress or anger. This is too much for them to bear, so they understandably try and throw some at you, their clinician (this is largely done unconsciously). Our desire to help and heal means that if we are not careful, our metaphorical white coats become covered with these negative feelings and experiences thrown at us. They can weigh us down, and actually make us feel the same as our patients. Psychologists sometimes call this emotional contagion. This emotion is not yours, but the patient’s and supervision can help untangle what belongs where. Once aware that the ‘mood’ does not belong to you, the doctor, it can be removed, examined, and disposed of, without I hasten to add, needing to throw it back to the person who gave it to you in the first place.
Affective Theory of Mind in Late Adulthood: The Role of Emotion Complexity and Social Relatedness
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2023
Megan G. Stutesman, Douglas A. Frye
Emotion complexity is an especially important consideration for older adult age group differences in AToM. Duval et al. (2011) found no effect of aging on AToM for basic emotions but did find effects of aging for complex emotions. Different levels of emotion complexity have been identified – namely, basic emotions, complex emotions, and self-conscious emotions (Lewis, 1995; Tracy & Randles, 2011). Basic emotions are different from other emotional mental states in that they were useful in our ancestral environments, are prewired responses to stimuli, and are likely not learned from culture or environment (Ekman & Cordaro, 2011). Basic emotions include fear, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, and disgust (Ekman & Cordaro, 2011; Fridenson-Hayo et al., 2016; Plutchik, 2001; Tracy & Randles, 2011). Complex emotions involve a combination of basic emotions (Turner, 2007) and are also distinguished from basic emotions by being more context and culture dependent (Golan, Baron-Cohen, Hill, & Rutherford, 2007; Oatley & Johnson-laird, 1987). Complex emotions encompass emotions such as hope, disappointment, gratitude, and shame (Burgstaller, Lang, Porscht, & Velik, 2007; VandenBos, 2007). Finally, self-conscious emotions are considered a subset of complex emotions that require an added element of evaluation and judgment of the self and others (Davidson, 2006; Muris & Meesters, 2014). Self-conscious emotions include pride, guilt, embarrassment (Davidson, 2006; Davidson et al., 2017; Williams & Happé, 2010), and sometimes envy (Davidson, 2006; Lewis, 1995).
Queerness is a Particular Liability: Feeling Rules in College and University LGBTQ Centers
Published in Journal of Homosexuality, 2023
Chad R. Mandala, Stephanie M. Ortiz
From an organizational sociological perspective, the extent to which supervisors and organizations manage and exert power over their workers is of great importance (Perrow, 1972). Emotional labor is one mechanism through which organizations control their workers, in particular, the emotional activities of employees (Hochschild, 2012). While many jobs require some manipulation of a worker’s personal emotions, emotional labor describes the occupationally required manipulation, production and management of emotions in oneself and others (Harlow, 2003; Hochschild, 2012). These feeling rules are particularly important in an examination of emotional labor because they act to create the sense of obligation that then governs emotion work through formal organizational rules and informal norms. Feeling rules regulate and control interpersonal reactions so they proceed smoothly and efficiently (Wingfield, 2015) and are spelled out publicly in the discourses of supervisors and in training programs (Hochschild, 2012). Coworkers can also reinforce these rules, with shunning, teasing, and ridicule becoming effective means to correct and adjust feelings to the convention, motivating workers to seek advantage and avoid pain (Hochschild, 2012).
The relationship between post-traumatic stress and negative emotions in patients with breast cancer: the mediating role of emotion regulation
Published in Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 2022
Shuai Teng, Miaomiao Wang, Bingxue Han, Yufeng Ma, He Du, Lili Ji, Xianglian Sun, Jinxia Liu, Qian Lu, Liping Jia, Guohua Lu
Therefore, interventions targeting negative emotions in the treatment of patients with breast cancer are necessary. One effective intervention is teaching emotional regulation strategies. Emotional regulation refers to the process by which individuals influence what emotions they have, when they produce them, and how they experience and express them by changing the intensity, duration, and event content of their emotions for a certain purpose.21,22 There are many emotional regulation strategies for people to choose from, among which the most commonly used are cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression.21,23 Cognitive reappraisal refers to an individual viewing an emotional situation from another perspective and reinterpreting the situation, mainly by changing the semantic representation of the situation. This process occurs during emotion processing, which generates new cognitive processes and thus changes emotions.24,25 Expressive suppression is an avoidance strategy, to break away from emotional information processing before the emotional information enters the working memory system and to prevent emotions from continuing and becoming stronger.25,26