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Mood Disorders
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Madeleine A. Becker, Tal E. Weinberger, Leigh J. Ocker
Bipolar disorder is a psychiatric illness characterized by episodes of depression alternating with sustained episodes of elevated mood and/or irritability, which are classified as either “mania” or “hypomania.” Hypomania is an attenuated form of mania with no associated functional impairment. Both mania and hypomania are associated with increased energy, decreased need for sleep, rapid speech and/or thoughts, distractibility, impulsivity, mood lability, and grandiosity. “Mood swings” are not adequate for a diagnosis of bipolar disorder; rather, a patient must have a syndrome characterized by sustained symptoms lasting for several days to weeks.
The Many Clinical Phases of Early Psychosis and the Importance of Psychoeducation and Medication Management
Published in Ragy R. Girgis, Gary Brucato, Jeffrey A. Lieberman, Understanding and Caring for People with Schizophrenia, 2020
Ragy R. Girgis, Gary Brucato, Jeffrey A. Lieberman
Paul had several weeks of delusions and hallucinations related to being a superhero and hearing the voice of his archenemy, then had a month of a full manic episode with severe irritability, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, impulsiveness, racing thoughts, fast speech, and grandiosity. Therefore, Paul was experiencing a psychotic mania in the context of schizoaffective disorder. Individuals experiencing a psychotic mania can be very aggressive, impulsive, and dangerous, and require very close and attentive management, as well as aggressive treatment with medications.
Antimanic Drugs
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Aman Upaganlawar, Abdulla Sherikar, Chandrashekhar Upasani
Mania is a phase of steady liberal, prominent, or bad-tempered mood characterized by exaggerated self-esteem or high-flying thinking, marked cognitive changes such as distractibility or air travel of dream and thoughts, pressured speech, reduced will power for sleep, agitation or increased activity, and excessive potential harmful pleasurable activities. When similar signs are existed with minor alterations of functioning or require hospitalization, the condition is termed hypomania. The condition of mania is lasted for a week and hypomania for a period of 4 days. Mania can be very severe with psychotic experiences, extreme destructive behaviors and requires hospitalization, whereas hypomania may be brief, relatively mild, hard to detect or recall without need of hospitalization. Mixed episodes refer to seemingly simultaneous or rapidly alternating manic and depressive symptoms (George and Thomas, 2003; Laurence and Bennett, 2003; Sharma and Sharma, 2017).
Personality and Affective Correlates of Openness to Experience from Big Five and HEXACO Personality Models: The Dual Nature of Big Five Openness
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2023
Lana Tucaković, Boban Nedeljković
Mania is characterized by elated, expansive, or irritable mood, racing thoughts, difficulty maintaining attention, inflated self-esteem, severe sleep disturbances, and frequently followed by psychotic features (Bijma et al., 2020). Somewhat consistent findings are obtained regarding the association between the trait of Openness to Experience and mania. More specifically, positive associations were obtained between Openness to Experience and mania (e.g., Forgeard et al., 2019; Furnham et al., 2008; Hosang et al., 2017; Knežević et al., 2017; Meyer, 2002; Quilty et al., 2009), while one study reported there was no significant association (Quilty et al., 2013). This may occur because the association between Openness to Experience and mania depends on the measurement instruments used and which facets of Openness to Experience are emphasized.
The Effect of Psychoeducation on Internalized Stigma of the Hospitalized Patients with Bipolar Disorder: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2020
Zinat Keshavarzpir, Naima Seyedfatemi, Marjan Mardani-Hamooleh, Nazanin Esmaeeli, Jennifer E. Boyd
The high prevalence of mental health problems of the public is a concern. Throughout the world, one out of every four persons experiences a mental health problem during their lifetime (Hanisch et al., 2016). Bipolar disorder is a chronic, recurrent mental illness with mood swings (Cardoso et al., 2014). An international meta-analysis estimated that the lifetime prevalence of this disorder was 1.06 − 1.57%, respectively, in the general adult population (Clemente et al., 2015). Bipolar disorder is described as a chronic and cyclical mood disorder involving periods of severe changes in mood and destructive behavior that are intertwined with periods of complete recovery or much improved function (Au et al., 2019). It is sometimes called manic-depressive disorder or manic depression. The main characteristic of this disorder is the experience of hypomania or mania. Mania is a distinct period during which the mood is abnormally and stubbornly high, expansive or irritable. Generally, this period lasts at least 1 week (unless the person is hospitalized and treated early). Hypomania is similar to mania but with less intensity and shorter duration (4 days) that does not impair a person’s ability to function. During depressive episode, an individual experiences a depressed mood or lack of enjoyment in all activities (Mason et al., 2016). Bipolar disorder causes significant changes in the social and professional life of a person and is considered a major health problem regarding its social, economic and quality of life problems (Grande et al., 2016).
Current perspectives on co-morbid depression and multiple sclerosis
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2020
In its pathological manifestations, depression can take several different forms, each with its own implications for treatment. The most important category is Major Depressive Disorder. In this condition, patients experience one or more episodes of major depression in the absence of any lifetime history of manic, hypomanic, or mixed episodes. Mania is a discrete mood disturbance characterized by high mood and high levels of energy (including decreased sleep needs) and activity. Hypomania is a milder form of manic symptoms whereas mixed episodes have mixed features of mania and depression. The occurrence of any such episode rules out Major Depressive Disorder in favor of a Bipolar Disorder diagnosis. The diagnostic term Adjustment Disorder straddles the boundary between normal emotional reactions (such as bereavement, as described above) and the various mental disorders. The symptoms should not meet criteria for a specific disorder, are sufficiently severe to be maladaptive, and are expected to be self-limited. Another set of diagnostic categories set aside in DSM-5 for depression that is a consequence of the direct physiological effects of medical conditions, medications, or drugs.