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Autism
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Autism, or autism spectrum disorder (ASD), refers to a broad range of conditions characterized by challenges with social interaction via limited commu nication (verbal and nonverbal), and by restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. ASD is a developmental disorder with symptoms typically appearing in the first two years of life. The symptoms interfere with the individual’s ability to properly function at school, work, and other areas of life.1 No current specific medication exists to treat autism and there is no cure. Interventional therapies for behavior and communication or education are a mainstay of medical management.
What support interventions are helpful for families and carers of autistic people in the criminal justice system?
Published in Nichola Tyler, Anne Sheeran, Working with Autistic People in the Criminal Justice and Forensic Mental Health Systems, 2022
Nine papers suggested that having professional specialists in autism to offer support and access to autism specific services would help both family members/carers and staff (e.g., Man & Kangas, 2019) particularly to assist families to understand the needs of the person they supported (Lazaratou et al., 2016) and how to provide advice on preventative intervention strategies to families (Lazaratou et al., 2016; Zummo, 2013). Accessing systemic specialist provision in a co-ordinated way through Multi-Disciplinary Teams (MDTs; Man & Kangas, 2019), specific crisis intervention teams (Tint et al., 2017) and the implementation of the Care Programme Approach (CPA; Myers, 2004) was suggested as a way to support assessment, intervention and consideration of how CJS professionals directed the sentence pathway (Berryessa, 2014b).
Neurological events following immunizations
Published in Avindra Nath, Joseph R. Berger, Clinical Neurovirology, 2020
Autism is a developmental disorder beginning in early childhood and characterized by severe impairments with social interaction and communication, stereotypic and/or compulsive behaviors, and significant functional impairment. Autism has been described as encompassing a range of disorders of varying severity (i.e., autism spectrum disorder [ASD]) [110,111]. There may be a number of causes, and a strong genetic influence has been described in some [112]. Because the initial manifestations may be insidious, and because children may be initially developmentally normal before onset of signs, autism in some cases may be difficult to diagnose, and may not be identified until later in life.
Comorbidity of mental health and autism spectrum disorder: perception of practitioners in management of their challenging behaviour
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2023
Edward Khasakhala, Kennedy Bota, Godfrey Ayaga, Manson Sichari, Benard Wesonga, Donald Kokonya
High rates of psychiatric comorbidity have been found among individuals with ASD (Buck et al.2014, Vannucchi et al.2014) with more males than females exhibiting comorbidity (Loomes et al.2017). The mental health profile of children with autism is believed to differ from that of typically developing children, necessitating interventions and support services (Westling et al.2010, Rydzewska et al.2019). Therefore, understanding the prevalence and health profile of children with ASD is vital for the design and delivery of interventions. The most common co-occurring disorders are mood disorders (Buck et al.2014), anxiety disorders (Hofvander et al.2009a, Hofvander et al.2009b), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Vannucchi et al.2014) and obsessive compulsive disorder (Brugha et al.2011). While these studies addressed specific disorders, the current study examined perception of practitioners on comorbidity of mental health and ASD without addressing specific mental disorders.
Evaluation of antineuronal antibodies and 8-OHdG in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder: a case-control study
Published in International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 2022
Şermin Bilgen Ulgar, Hamza Ayaydın, Hakim Çelik, İsmail Koyuncu, Adnan Kirmit
At the present time, apart from education, there is no effective treatment for autism. As autism is a neurodevelopmental process, maternal factors associated with autism, which are known to affect the foetus through the placenta, must be identified to be able to achieve early diagnosis and develop treatments. Recognition of these factors and determination of risk factors before pregnancy are important for early detection of the increasing number of autism cases as well as for implementing effective preventive medicine. The results of this study support the potential use of maternal antineuronal antibodies (e.g., anti-amphiphysin and anti-Ri antibodies) to predict the risk of ASD. As our study was limited to investigating these data no earlier than 3 years after the first pregnancy, further studies during pregnancy are needed in this area.
Autism spectrum disorder in India: a scoping review
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2021
Suravi Patra, Sujita Kumar Kar
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by early-onset persistent impairment in social communication, interaction, and restricted, repetitive pattern of behaviour. It is the leading cause of disability among all mental disorders in the less than 5-year age group. Amongst the childhood disorders, disability caused by autism is more than Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and Conduct Disorder combined because autism persists for a lifetime (Baxter et al., 2015). The need for specialized therapeutic interventions and long-term support make autism costlier than intellectual disability (Buescher et al., 2014). Phenotypic understanding, the biology of autism, and evidence-based interventions are limited to the west, where only 10% of the world’s child population lives. Whereas, the LMIC nations where the most substantial proportion of children with autism live, research, and services are at best minimal (Khan et al., 2012).