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Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Published in Tricia L. Chandler, Fredrick Dombrowski, Tara G. Matthews, Co-occurring Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders, 2022
Tricia L. Chandler, Fredrick Dombrowski
As noted, the DSM-5 separated the anxiety disorders into three distinct chapters based on the developmental considerations of how fear and anxiety manifest and persist (2013). Anxiety disorders that often have transient fear and are stress induced and persistent in duration include separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism, phobias, panic disorder, agoraphobia and, most commonly, social anxiety and generalized anxiety disorder (p. 231). The common theme in all these forms of anxiety disorders is excessive worry as an anticipatory issue that has gone on for at least six months and can be around events or activities like work or school performance that can lead to restlessness, being easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and/or sleep disturbances. Social anxiety is a fear of social gatherings and essentially the fear of being humiliated, embarrassed, or rejected by others in school, work, or social activities (p. 203). Phobias, agoraphobia, and panic disorders tend to have specific targets like a fear of spiders, extensive debilitating fear of stepping outside one’s own home, or panic in enclosed spaces. While insecure attachment issues can lead to separation anxiety, in which there is a fear of separating from those one is highly attached to, there may be unreasonable fears the individual will be lost due to some accident or event happening while out of the sight of the client (p. 191).
Work stress induced psychological disorders in construction
Published in Imriyas Kamardeen, Work Stress Induced Chronic Diseases in Construction, 2021
Feeling anxious is a natural reaction of the mind and body when one is confronted with a stressful situation and it ceases with the fading of the stressor. It is a normal part of life. However, anxiety disorders refer to a psychiatric condition that is characterised by intense, excessive and persistent fear or worry about a situation that poses little or no danger and interferes with daily functioning (ADAA 2018). Common symptoms include (Mayo Clinic 2018): nervousness, restlessness or irritability; having a sense of impending danger or doom; heart racing; rapid breathing; sweating; trembling; difficulty controlling worry; disturbed sleep; gastrointestinal problems; concentration difficulties; and trouble thinking of anything other than the present worry.
Treatment and management techniques
Published in Jane Hanley, Mark Williams, Fathers and Perinatal Mental Health, 2019
Talking therapies are thought to be one of the most effective interventions designed to help the father express, explain and understand why he is feeling as he does and what he can do about it. The common belief is that self-care is selfish; however, when there is a feeling of wellbeing, there is more likelihood of being kind to oneself, which in turn translates to being kind to each other. Behavioural and cognitive interventions also have a sound background in the efficacy of treating anxiety disorders. A significant number of fathers improve following the therapies and maintain good health following the course of treatment.
Early outcomes, associated factors and predictive values of clinical outcomes of tandospirone in generalized anxiety disorder: a post-hoc analysis of a randomized, controlled, multicenter clinical trial
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2023
Yi Fu, Jian Lin Ji, Shen Xun Shi, Hai Yin Zhang, Guo Zhen Lin, Ying Li Zhang, Xiuli Li, Wen Yuan Wu
Anxiety disorder is a common mental disorder characterized by repeated intense worry, fear and tension. A previous epidemiological survey in China showed that the incidence of anxiety disorder is as high as 4.98%1. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), the most common subtype of anxiety disorder, refers to uncontrollable persistent worry and nervousness, lacking clear goals and specific content, often accompanied by autonomic symptoms, muscle tension, motor restlessness and other behavioral symptoms. Patients with GAD have a poor quality of life and severely impaired social adaptation2. Epidemiological studies showed that GAD has an annual prevalence of 2% in adults in the community, and a prevalence of more than 10% in the primary care setting, which is more common in women and has a high comorbidity rate with other psychiatric disorders3. GAD mostly has a chronic course with repeated and persistent symptoms, which can not only lead to disability but also constitute a risk factor for the occurrence or progression of various physical diseases and increase the risk of adverse outcomes such as suicide and death4,5. With the rapid socioeconomic development and gradually increasing life and work pressure, the incidence of GAD currently shows a significant upward trend6.
BNC210: an investigational α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator for the treatment of anxiety disorders
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2023
Elliot Hampsey, Adam Perkins, Allan H. Young
Clinically, antidepressant serotonergic treatments such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are favored for anxiety disorders as they carry somewhat tolerable side effect profiles, but typically require 4–8 weeks to be effective. Sertraline, for example, has been shown to significantly reduce anxiety symptoms in both youth and adults in many studies [27]. Benzodiazepines are often offered as second-line treatments for anxiety as they are fast-acting compounds available relatively cheaply, albeit they often carry more debilitating side effects such as addiction and sedation [28]. Effect size analysis has shown benzodiazepines to be moderately effective in treating GAD for up to 8-weeks [29], in addition to treating SAD in those who failed to respond to sertraline [30]. Other treatments in clinic for anxiety disorders include the antiepileptic medications pregabalin and gabapentin, albeit the latter is off-label for anxiety.
Psychotherapeutic treatments for generalized anxiety disorder: cognitive and behavioral therapies, enhancement strategies, and emerging efforts
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2022
Michelle G. Newman, Candice Basterfield, Thane M. Erickson, Evan Caulley, Amy Przeworski, Sandra J. Llera
Although our review is focused on psychotherapeutic treatments for GAD, it is worthwhile to briefly mention the efficacy of medications in the treatment of GAD. More than half of patients (57%) with anxiety disorders are being treated using pharmacological treatment [97]. In addition to CBT, antidepressants are considered a first line of treatment for anxiety disorders, given that they are generally well-tolerated and effective [98]. Whereas medications are effective in treating GAD, research suggests that psychotherapy shows larger treatment outcomes than do medications. For example, a meta-analysis of RCTs found that psychotherapy showed a medium to large effect size (g = 0.76) whereas medication showed a small effect size on GAD outcomes (g = 0.38) [10]. In addition, research suggests that lasting symptom remission is likely after CBT termination, whereas medication termination may lead to relapse [98]. Also, studies generally suggest that combining CBT with medication for anxiety disorders does not lead to long-lasting benefits over CBT alone [98]. It is important to note, however, that there is a dearth of studies on long-term outcomes of pharmacotherapy for GAD. In fact, a recent meta-analysis could not find any rigorous studies that assessed outcome following termination of pharmacotherapy for GAD [10].