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Psychosocial Aspects of Diabetes
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
The cause of panic disorder is unknown. Panic reactions may be due to mistaking body sensations for situations that are life-threatening. Psychological factors such as environment, stress, and life transitions may be contributing factors. Triggers include major stress, medications, and physical condition or disorder. Substance abuse is also causative, and smoking tobacco may increase risks of panic disorder. Respiratory abnormalities are common with high levels of anxiety, and smoking worsens them. Caffeine also is linked to panic disorder because it increases heart rate. Certain medications can induce higher blood pressure. Risk factors for panic disorder include the female gender, age (18–35 years), medical history, and genetics. Hypoglycemia and panic disorder are linked in a very complicated way, but symptoms can be very similar. These shared symptoms include tachycardia, shakiness, irritability, difficulty concentrating, nausea, anxiety, and panic. Diabetic risk factors for panic attacks or panic disorder include higher A1c hemoglobin levels, increased diabetic complications, and disability.
Panic Disorder (PD)
Published in Judy Z. Koenigsberg, Anxiety Disorders, 2020
What are the symptoms of panic disorder? According to DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), the symptoms of panic disorder manifest rapidly and in the absence of a dangerous scenario. Individuals with panic disorder display a great amount of fear, and their attacks may occur repeatedly (Comer, 2015). Physical symptoms can include intense and sudden sweating, shaking, a fast beating heart, shortness of breath, and others (APA, 2013). Individuals with panic disorder tend to report that they feel like they’re going crazy, having a stroke, or having a heart attack (Ingersoll & Marquis, 2014).
Psychological Disorders
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
A panic attack is a sudden episode of extreme anxiety that rapidly escalates in intensity. About 28 percent of adults have occasional panic attacks, especially during times of stress (Kessler et al., 2006). These feelings are usually accompanied by feeling dizzy or faint, or having a pounding heart, shortness of breath, a choking sensation, or chest pain. The person may also experience nausea, perspiration, shaking, light-headedness, faintness, chills, or hot flashes. These symptoms are interpreted as indicating a terrible consequence, e.g., I am going to have a heart attack, I am about to die, go crazy, or lose control. This leads to hypervigilance about body sensations, increased arousal of the sympathetic nervous system, more physical sensations, and heightened anxiety, which spirals into a panic attack (Clark, 1986). A panic attack typically peaks within 10 minutes of onset and then gradually subsides. Panic disorder refers to recurrent panic attacks in which the individual is worrying about having further attacks. Panic disorder usually appears between late adolescence and the mid-thirties. The first panic attack may occur after a stressful experience, such as an injury or illness, or during a stressful period of life, such as while changing jobs or during a period of marital conflict (Watanabe, Kazuhisa, & Madoka, 2005). In other cases, the first panic attack cannot be related to life events.
Associations Between Lifetime Panic Attacks, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Substance Use Disorders in a Nationally Representative Sample
Published in Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 2022
Shannon M. Blakey, Sarah B. Campbell, Tracy L. Simpson
Epidemiological and clinical research shows that the most common SUD diagnoses among adults with PTSD involve alcohol, sedatives/tranquilizers (e.g., benzodiazepines), cannabis, opioids, and cocaine (Dworkin et al., 2018; Mills, 2006). Panic disorder is also strongly associated with comorbid alcohol, sedative/tranquilizer, and cannabis use disorders (Sbrana et al., 2005; Zvolensky et al., 2006). Despite elevated rates of panic among trauma survivors, it is currently unknown whether the presence of panic among people with PTSD is associated with greater risk for comorbid SUD generally or perhaps influences the presentation of comorbid SUD by increasing risk for certain SUD diagnoses but not others. This issue is further complicated by the fact that individual SUDs frequently co-occur with each other (i.e., polysubstance use; Burns & Teesson, 2002; Stinson et al., 2005), yet only a few PTSD/SUD studies to date have statistically adjusted for multiple SUD diagnoses in analyses (Dworkin et al., 2018; Tull et al., 2010).
A Narrative Literature Review of the Epidemiology, Etiology, and Treatment of Co-Occurring Panic Disorder and Opioid Use Disorder
Published in Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 2021
Ashton E. Clark, Shelby R. Goodwin, Russell M. Marks, Annabelle M. Belcher, Emily Heinlein, Melanie E. Bennett, Daniel J. O. Roche
Panic disorder is a debilitating psychiatric disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that have rapid onset and are short in duration (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). To meet criteria for panic disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), individuals are required to have 4 of 13 symptoms, which can include fast heartbeat, shaking, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, and fear of dying. After experiencing a panic attack, an individual may worry about its re-occurrence or avoid situations they feel may result in another panic attack (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Findings from national epidemiological studies indicate 2.1% of American adults endorse past 12-month panic disorder and 5.1% endorse lifetime panic disorder (Hasin & Grant, 2015). Although these rates of panic disorder may appear modest, they translate into a significant economic and societal burden. Panic and other anxiety disorders cost the United States as much as $46.6 billion per year (Devane et al., 2005; Greenberg et al., 1999) with panic disorder ranking as one of the costliest psychiatric conditions (Batelaan et al., 2007). Panic disorder also confers significant costs in terms of annual emergency room visits, as those with panic attacks commonly seek general medical care as opposed to psychiatric care due to the disorder being undiagnosed and symptoms mistaken for heart-related issues (Lynch & Galbraith, 2003).
Evaluation of serum MicroRNA expression profiles in patients with panic disorder
Published in Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2019
Fikret Poyraz Çökmüş, Erol Özmen, Tunç Alkin, Muhammet Burak Batir, Fethi Sırrı Çam
Panic disorder (PD) is characterized by the presence of recurrent unexpected panic attacks and persistent concern about having additional panic attacks or their consequences and a significant maladaptive change in behaviour related to the attacks [1]. The lifetime prevalence of PD in the general population is 2–5% [2]. In first-degree relatives of patients with PD, the risk of lifelong PD was reported to be 3–17 times higher than that of relatives of people without PD, and the incidence of PD was reported as 5–17.3% [3,4]. Twin studies in many countries showed that genetic factors accounted for approximately 30–46% of the variance in PD [5,6]. In a study conducted on more than five thousand twins, inheritability of PD was determined as 0.28 [7]. Although the familial transition of PD has been clearly shown in some families, it should not be overlooked that there are limitations in differentiating the contributions between genetic and environmental factors in studies [8].