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Maladaptive Coping in Functional Somatic Syndromes
Published in Peter Manu, The Psychopathology of Functional Somatic Syndromes, 2020
The fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis groups were similar with regard to age (46 versus 50 years), educational level, and median income. The illness duration averaged eight years in the fibromyalgia group and ten years in the rheumatoid arthritis group. Three-quarters of patients in both groups were at least partially disabled. Patients with fibromyalgia reported significantly higher levels of pain and sleep disturbance. Compared with rheumatoid arthritis patients, the subjects from the fibromyalgia group were found to have similar physical function scores, but were significantly worse with respect to psychological status. Major differences were found for somatization, depression, anxiety, hostility, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism. The groups had similar scores on the measures of phobic anxiety, obsessive-compulsive behaviors, and interpersonal sensitivity. Fibromyalgia patients reported more hassles and considered their life stresses to have a higher severity than did patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The coping styles were similar in the two groups. The analysis of covariance indicated that life stress was a specific covariate for somatization, depression, psychoticism, and global severity in patients with fibromyalgia. In contrast, the severity of pain and sleep disturbance correlated only with the somatization scores.
Personality
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
British psychologist Hans Eysenck used factor analysis to identify three basic personality factors: (1) introversion-extraversion; (2) neuroticism-emotional stability; and (3) psychoticism.Introversion/Extraversion: introversion involves directing attention to inner experiences, while extraversion relates to focusing attention outward on other people and the environment. So, a person high in introversion might be quiet and reserved, while an individual high in extraversion might be sociable and outgoing.Neuroticism/Emotional Stability: this dimension is related to moodiness versus even temperament. Neuroticism refers to an individual’s tendency to become upset or emotional, while stability refers to the tendency to remain relaxed, calm, emotionally stable, and even-tempered.Psychoticism: individuals who are high on this trait tend to be cold, non-empathetic, impulsive, antisocial, hostile, and manipulative. Persons who are low on psychoticism are warm, sensitive, and concerned about others.
Psychoanalytic aspects of the fitness for duty psychological evaluation 1
Published in Jed A. Yalof, Anthony D. Bram, Psychoanalytic Assessment Applications for Different Settings, 2020
As noted, the first step in the FFD evaluation was to obtain informed consent and clarify the recipients of the evaluation results (i.e., himself, referring psychologist, and SMF). I wished to obtain as much collateral information as practical to supplement self-report and performance psychological assessment. Accordingly, I reviewed records from his past treatment center (including a recent follow-up psychiatric evaluation that noted emergent delusional-like beliefs), the referring psychologist, and the SMF advocacy counselor. In addition, the Human Resources Department where Dr. Ether worked part-time provided job requirements for a medical physician and anesthesiologist and a report on his work conduct. I administered a clinical interview and conducted a mental status examination of Dr. Ether. The interview focused on history, his recovery and treatment progress, current work and social relationships, how he coped with stress generally and about both previous marriages, and his current functioning for evidence of the soundness of personal judgment. In addition, I explored his ideas about his divorce and his ex-wife’s alleged predicament with the persecuting accountant, carefully observing his behavior, reasoning, and affect as we discussed these topics. Following an extended two-hour clinical interview, I administered Dr. Ether the MMPI-2, PAI, and Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS; Meyer et al., 2011. The MMPI-2 and PAI provided forensic-defensible, broadband self-report assessment of personality and psychopathology variables and a rich suite of response validity indices. I chose to administer both instruments for several reasons. First, they differ in scale construction and how they represent psychiatric diagnostic syndromes. Second, their psychometric properties (Wise, Streiner, & Walfish, 2010) and predictive validities of their response style scales differ (Blanchard, McGrath, Pogge, & Khadivi, 2003). Given the forensic context of the evaluation, using multiple indices of under-reporting and constructs related to psychoticism seemed strategic. The R-PAS permitted performance-based assessment with well-validated variables pertaining to thinking and reasoning, perceptual accuracy and reality testing, investment in social relationships, and emotion and impulse control (Mihura et al., 2013), psychological constructs pertinent to the question of FFD.
Effect of a Social Networking Site Training on Cognitive Performance in Healthy Older People and Role of Personality Traits. Results from the Randomized Controlled Trial Ageing in a Networked Society-Social Experiment (ANS-SE) Study
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2022
Roberta Vaccaro, Simona Abbondanza, Elena Rolandi, Georgia Casanova, Laura Pettinato, Mauro Colombo, Antonio Guaita
Moreover, cognitive benefits from social contacts may depend on personality traits (Segel-Karpas & Lachman, 2018), since the interplay between cognition and personality traits over the life span is well-known (Briley & Tucker-Drob, 2017). Personality traits are referred to a substantially stable organization of a person’s character, temperament, intellect, and physical constitution that determines his or her way of adapting to the environment, along three dimensions: Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism. Each dimension develops on a continuum between two opposite polarities. The extravert individual has many friends, needs to have people to talk to and dislikes solitary activities, while the introverted individual appears calm, introspective, withdrawn from people except with close friends. Neuroticism refers to a state of negative emotionality characterized by feelings of anxiety, depression, vulnerability, and angry hostility, whose counterpart is emotional stability, although neurotic people may adequately interact in family and work situations. Psychoticism includes aggressiveness, coldness, egocentricity, impulsivity, anti-sociability, low empathy, creativity, and stiffness. This trait refers to an underlying predisposition of the personality in all individuals and it does not refer to psychopathology (Eysenck, 1960).
Psychometric Properties of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Brief Form in a Community Sample with High Rates of Trauma Exposure
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2021
Courtland S. Hyatt, Jessica L. Maples-Keller, Michael L. Crowe, Chelsea E. Sleep, Sierra T. Carter, Vasiliki Michopoulos, Jennifer S. Stevens, Tanja Jovanovic, Bekh Bradley, Joshua D. Miller, Abigail Powers
Disinhibition displayed large, positive relations to emotion dysregulation and recent dissociation, as well as the medium-to-large relations to depression, anxiety, and anger and sensation-seeking. Contrary to hypotheses, neither Disinhibition nor Antagonism displayed large relations to indices of externalizing psychopathology. The relations between Disinhibition and Antagonism and aggression, alcohol use, and drug use were positive, but generally small-to-medium in magnitude, and relations of similar magnitude were observed for all five PID-5 domains. Multivariate regression analyses suggest that Disinhibition explained the largest share of variance in the externalizing criteria, except anger and sensation-seeking, where Negative Affectivity accounted for the largest portion of variance. Consistent with hypotheses, Disinhibition was a stronger correlate of alcohol and drug use than Antagonism, but these domains displayed comparably large relations to aggression. As hypothesized, Psychoticism demonstrated a large, positive relation with recent dissociation; this domain predicted the largest portion of variance in the multivariate regression analyses, and Steiger’s z-tests suggest that it is a statistically significantly stronger correlate of this criteria than the other PID-5 domains. Additionally, Psychoticism showed large, positive relations to depression and emotion dysregulation.
Association Between Self-Reported Traumatic Brain Injury and Threat/Control-Override
Published in International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 2020
Raquel V. Oliveira, Kevin M. Beaver
The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) (Derogatis & Melisaratos, 1983) was used to evaluate whether the participants had experienced any psychological symptoms during the previous week. Answers were reported in a 5-point ordinal scale (“0” - not at all, “4” - extremely). We are interested in the measures of paranoid ideation and psychoticism. Paranoid ideation is characterized by the presence of paranoid thought, i.e. by the presence of symptomatic “projection, hostility, suspiciousness, centrality, and fear of loss of autonomy” (Derogatis & Melisaratos, 1983, p.597). Psychoticism is defined as a continuum ranging from social alienation to severe psychotic symptoms (Derogatis & Melisaratos, 1983). Both paranoid ideation and psychoticism were measured by calculating the mean of the 5 items that comprised the corresponding BSI subscale. The paranoid ideation and psychoticism subscales presented internal consistency values of α = .69–.75 and α = .60–.69, respectively, throughout all 11 waves of data (Mulvey, 2012; Mulvey & Schubert, n.d.).