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Animals as companions
Published in Clive R. Hollin, An Introduction to Human–Animal Relationships, 2021
Gosling, Sandy, and Potter (2010) compared the personalities of 4,565 participants, divided into the four groups of self-identified dog person, cat person, both, or neither, using the self-report version of the Big Five Inventory (BFI; John, Naumann, & Soto, 2008). The Big Five personality dimensions are Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Openness. Gosling et al. found that the dog people scored higher than cat people on Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Extraversion, and lower on Neuroticism and Openness: these differences remained when sex differences in pet–ownership rates were controlled. With the exception of Neuroticism, where they scored highest, the cat people group tended to be lower than the other three groups on the remaining four dimensions.
Temperament and Character
Published in L.S. Vygotsky, V.V. Davydov, Silverman Robert, Educational Psychology, 2020
In our subsequent presentation, both these terms will be used with the meaning which is most commonly employed in modern psychology. Thus, by “temperament.” we will understand the distinctive features of the aggregate of innate and inherited reactions, the inherited constitution of the organism. Thus, temperament is a concept which is, for the most part, physiological and biological in nature, encompassing that sphere of personality which manifests itself in instinctive, emotional, reflexive reactions. Throughout that realm of our behavior which is usually acknowledged to be involuntary and inherited, it is temperament which is the dominant concept.
Do personality traits impact upon midwives’ decision-making and practice?
Published in Elaine Jefford, Julie Jomeen, Empowering Decision-Making in Midwifery, 2019
Steve Provost, Anna Smyth, Thejal Rupnarain, Shahna Mailey, Harvey Ward, Elaine Jefford
Personality is defined in the Penguin Dictionary of Psychology (Reber, Allen & Reber, 2009) as the ‘Behavioural, emotional, and mental characteristics of an individual that produce consistent patterns of thought, feeling and behaviour (personality, 2009).
Detecting Idiographic Personality Change
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2022
Emorie D. Beck, Joshua J. Jackson
Finally, Allport (1937) argued that changes in the dynamic organization were expected as “adjustments to [sic] his environment.” Thus, changes in environments should be expected to result in changes in the organization of an individual’s personality system, rather than necessarily evidenced in the overall mean levels of personality characteristics. As a result, we may both expect that changes in environments predict changes in organization and vice versa (Allport, 1960). Despite this, structural changes in personality have rarely been investigated (see Beck & Jackson, 2021a), with most studies that have doing so at the nomothetic level (e.g., Jackson & Beck, 2021). But both the Allportian definition and dynamic systems perspectives more broadly suggest that changes in within-person personality structure should be expected from life events. Events could be considered as perturbations to the personality system that nudge the system toward a new, stable equilibria (i.e. a new stable structure). Such a possibility is supported by propositions suggesting that personality changes arise through state-level changes that become automatic, habitual, and permanent over time (e.g., Magidson et al., 2014; Wrzus & Roberts, 2017) as well as some empirical demonstrations (Quintus et al., 2021; Stieger et al., 2020). Importantly, from a systems perspective, such changes in structure are a function of the personality system of an individual and do not necessarily speak to whether and how structural changes between-person may arise.
Professional Practice Guidelines for Personality Assessment
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2022
Radhika Krishnamurthy, Giselle A. Hass, Adam P. Natoli, Bruce L. Smith, Paul A. Arbisi, Emily D. Gottfried
The term “personality” refers to stable characteristics of individuals that reflect predilections to behave, feel, think, and interact in certain ways, and enable identification of individual differences (Beutler et al., 2011). Personality assessment encompasses the measurement of personality traits, which are long-standing, as well as states, which are fluid and changing. It addresses affective, cognitive, and behavioral functioning, self-image and interpersonal characteristics, and characteristic styles and capacity for coping to life circumstances including adverse events. Personality assessment involves the use of tests and methods, inclusive of interviews, observations, self-report inventories, performance-based methods, collateral reports, and review of records to evaluate the full spectrum of human characteristics and functional capacities. While personality testing refers specifically to the application of tests with use of standardized administration and scoring procedures and standard interpretive guidelines, personality assessment is a broader term referring to the process of incorporating and integrating information from multiple sources to generate a comprehensive, contextual understanding of the individual and develop conclusions and recommendations (see Krishnamurthy & Meyer, 2016; Meyer et al., 2001; Weiner & Greene, 2007). Our definition of personality assessment, thus, does not refer to symptom screening, such as the exclusive use of brief checklists. Personality assessment extends to the development of a written report of findings and provision of feedback.
Expanding the clinical and genetic spectrum of SQSTM1-related disorders in family with personality disorder and frontotemporal dementia
Published in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, 2021
Sara Llamas-Velasco, Ana Arteche-López, Antonio Méndez-Guerrero, Verónica Puertas Martín, Juan Francisco Quesada Espinosa, Jose Miguel Lezana Rosales, Marta González-Sánchez, Victor Antonio Blanco-Palmero, Carmen Palma Milla, Alejandro Herrero-San Martín, Daniel Borrego-Hernández, Alberto García-Redondo, David Andrés Pérez-Martínez, Alberto Villarejo-Galende
Our patient showed personality disorder cluster A since youth, and his father and two sons also had a personality disorder. Cognitive evaluation, brain MRI, and brain FDG-PET were performed on both sons without evidence of relevant findings during the study. In the literature, only one patient of the 57 FTLD collected subjects had a previous history of psychiatric disorder described as endogenous depression, schizophrenia, and schizoaffective disorder. The age at onset of her bvFTD was unknown, and she had a father and brother diagnosed with schizophrenia. She was heterozygous for losing the function p.W321* variant in the SQSTM1 gene, but information on the segregation analysis was unavailable (29). The development of personality disorders is believed to be caused by the contribution and interaction between genetic and environmental factors. A cluster in several families and different gene polymorphisms have been suggested as the associated genetic component (30). No isolated pathogenic gene variant has been reported to date. Parentaly provided reared environment could have impacted offspring behaviors being the finding of this genetic variant incidental. However, a recent systematic review showed that parental genes could have an underlying influence of this factor, as indirect genetic nurturing effect, proposing a gene-enviroment correlation (31).