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Akili: A Novel Approach to Clinical Intervention with Digital Therapeutics
Published in Oleksandr Sverdlov, Joris van Dam, Digital Therapeutics, 2023
Akili develops technologies that target cognitive impairments across different medical disorders. The term cognition refers to all activities and processes concerned with the acquisition, storage, retrieval, and processing of information that allow us to carry out any task (Bayne et al., 2019). Cognition acts as a control process (Mishra et al., 2013) that requires various cognitive functions (i.e., attention and executive functions) to work together, and these are observed mainly across the frontoparietal networks of the brain (Ptak, 2012).
Caring for people with impaired mobility
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Rowena Slope, Katherine Hopkinson
Cognitive impairment is defined as a deficit in at least one cognitive domain (WHO 2017). These domains include sensation and perception; motor skills and construction; attention and concentration; memory; executive functioning; processing speed; and language/verbal skills (Harvey 2019). The most common causes of cognitive impairment are dementia as well as development disorders, head injuries and substance misuse. Around 50 million people around the world suffer from a form of dementia, and of these, around 60–70% of people are diagnosed with Alzheimer’s (WHO 2020c). People with Alzheimer’s are vulnerable to pressure ulcers because they may have communication problems and suffer from agitation or restlessness, leading to the display of repetitive movements (Alzheimer’s Society 2020). Someone with dementia including Alzheimer’s is likely to have other age-related risk factors.
Psychosocial Aspects of Diabetes
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
With frequent panic attacks and avoidance behaviors, drug therapy plus intensive psychotherapy is needed. Antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and combinations of these can be helpful. When antidepressants are used with benzodiazepines, it is usually as an initial treatment. The benzodiazepines are slowly decreased in dosage and often eventually discontinued or used more sporadically. Some patients respond well only to combination therapy. Psychotherapies include exposure therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy are also used together. Exposure therapy helps patients to directly experience and confront feared situations in a controlled environment, and reduce avoidance until the fear is extinguished. Cognitive-behavioral therapy teaches how to recognize and change distorted thoughts and false beliefs, and modify behaviors to become more adaptive to situations. With diabetes, treatment may also involve relaxation training incorporating slow breathing techniques while monitoring CO2 levels in order to prevent hyperventilation. Biofeedback is an additional therapeutic technique that can improve symptoms of anxiety or panic while reducing the respiratory rate. This method gives patients visible evidence of how they are improving, thus providing them with a sense of control over their symptoms. Breathing training is helpful in panic disorder whether there is or is not any concurrent respiratory problems.
On diagnostic accuracy measure with cut-points criterion for ordinal disease classification based on concordance and discordance
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2023
Jing Kersey, Hani Samawi, Jingjing Yin, Haresh Rochani, Xinyan Zhang
Figure 4 presents five core biomarkers as indicators of AD over the clinical disease stages. The curves depict changes from normal to abnormal in the following five biomarkers [20] over AD's progression. FDG-PET measures tau protein in cerebrospinal fluid or by synaptic dysfunction.Brain atrophy measured by structural MRI.Cognitive tests measure memory loss.Cognitive testsmeasure clinical function.
Application of computerized cognitive test battery in major depressive disorder: a narrative literature review
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2022
Bing Cao, Mingyue Xiao, Ximei Chen, Yuxiao Zhao, Zihang Pan, Roger S. McIntyre, Hong Chen
Cognition refers to basic psychological processes involving the obtaining, applying and processing of information. Cognitive deficits in individuals with MDD are variably reported, influenced by sociodemographic, as well as illness characteristics and comorbidity [5]. Some individuals with MDD do not exhibit deficits in cognitive functions while others exhibit multidomain deficits in cognition, including but not limited to alertness, psychomotor speed, executive function (e.g. working memory), memory (encoding, recall, retrieval) and emotional processing [6–8]. Gray matter deficits in the prefrontal cortex and limbic system, as well as white matter in the frontal and parietal regions of the brain have been reported to be associated with functional deficits in MDD [9,10]. During the past decade, substantial progress has been made at delineating the underlying brain substrates that subserve cognitive impairment in MDD. For example, evidence has identified alterations in discrete neural network connectivity and functional reciprocity [11].
Impaired Financial Decision-Making as an Early Indicator of Cognitive Decline: A Commentary
Published in Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 2021
Ashley Taeckens-Seabaugh, Jessica King McLaughlin, Jennifer C. Greenfield, Kaipeng Wang, Eric S. Chess
The increasing prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia diagnoses is a growing concern.[1To encompass an array of cognitive decline-related disorders, the authors speak to these conditions broadly, as “cognitive decline,” “cognitive impairment,” and “dementia” throughout this manuscript.] Cognitive abilities are integral to financial decision-making, which may be the initial instrumental activity of daily living impacted by cognitive decline (Marson, 2013). Treatment of cognitive decline is costly and places considerable financial burdens on individuals and societies alike (World Health Organization [WHO], 2019). This commentary is a call to action for researchers and social workers to assess the relationship between cognitive health, financial decision-making, and financial security in later life to produce strategies that can detect prodromal cognitive decline and decrease the likelihood of relying on public benefits.