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Marine Natural Products for Human Health Care
Published in Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Health Benefits of Secondary Phytocompounds from Plant and Marine Sources, 2021
Kim and his colleagues [151] showed inhibition of nitric oxide and PGE2 generation by downregulation [151]. Anti-inflammatory properties of dermatan sulfate, isolated from the Brazilian ascidian (Styela plicata) were investigated on rat colitis model. The compound effectively reduced the infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages [18].
Introduction and Review of Biological Background
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
HA is unsulfated and is the backbone of aggregating PGs found in cartilage (aggrecan). HA is also the major component of synovial fluid and vitreous humor in the eye. HA solutions (around 0.3%) are extremely viscous and slimy, which imparts lubricating properties to synovial joints, and also cushioning properties to joints and eyes. A more detailed description of HA is found in Chapter 12. Chondroitin sulfates (CS) are composed of galactosamine and glucuronate subunits, and are usually the longest GAGs. CS are found in most tissues, but are prominent in cartilage, blood vessels, bone, and skin. Keratan sulfates (KS) are found in close association with CS chains, especially in cartilage and blood vessel walls. Dermatan sulfates (DS) are found mostly in the skin, but are also present in skeletal tissues and blood vessels. The similar heparan sulfates (HS) are located predominantly in tissues such as lungs, intestines, and blood vessels, but are not major components of skeletal tissues. Heparin is unlike other sulfated GAGs in that it is found as single molecules. Heparin is found in many cell types, where it exhibits regulatory properties such as calcium binding, prevention of blood clotting, and mediation of inflammation. Heparin differs from the almost identical heparan sulfates by being smaller and more heavily sulfated.
Eicosanoids and the Uterine Cervix
Published in Murray D. Mitchell, Eicosanoids in Reproduction, 2020
There are also some dissimilarities in the biochemical response of the cervix to PGE2 in the first trimester of pregnancy, compared to that at term.42,43 Biopsies were assessed before and 15 h after the administration of PGE2 intracervically in the first trimester of pregnancy.43 Unlike the findings at term,42 there was a decrease in collagenase-like activity and an increase in total sulfated glycosaminoglycans, but no alteration in their percentage composition. No change in collagen concentration or water content occurred. Although this suggests that changes in ground substance makeup may be relatively more important in the softening process in early pregnancy, it is at variance with changes at term, where a general decrease in dermatan and chondroitin sulfates has been noted.3,15,17
Utilization of glycosaminoglycans by the human gut microbiota: participating bacteria and their enzymatic machineries
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Parkash Singh Rawat, Ahkam Saddam Seyed Hameed, Xiangfeng Meng, Weifeng Liu
Streptococcus intermedius UNS 35, an oral microbiota commensal, was the first Firmicute that showed GAG (CSA and CSC) utilization.84 Recently, a few more Firmicutes, Hungatella hathewayi R4;76Faecalibacterium prausnitzii DSM 17677;24Enterococcus faecium H57 and H59, Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393, and L. pantheris NBRC 10610677 have been demonstrated to be CS utilizers. These E. faecium strains were also able to degrade HA.77 In addition, Proteus vulgaris, which is a Proteobacteria and is considered part of the healthy gut microbiota,85 is known to harbor two well-characterized chondroitinases.86–88 The chondroitinases ABC of P. vulgaris can also depolymerize dermatan sulfate.86 Moreover, the chondroitin lyase activity was found in Victivallis vadensis ATCC BAA-548, a member of a newly discovered gut phylum Lentisphaerae.80 Compared to the other GAGs, heparin/HS has been shown to be catabolized by a larger number of non-Bacteroidetes gut bacteria. These include E. faecium strains H57 and H59, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433, Lactobacillus animalis ATCC 35046, L. casei ATCC 393, L. rhamnosus ATCC 8530, L. pantheris NBRC 106106, L. paracasei JCM 8130, and L. rhamnosus Lc705.77
A Comparison of the Circulating Endocan Levels between the Inflammatory and Malignant Diseases of the Same Organ: The Breast
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2021
Endocan, a small soluble atypical dermatan sulfate proteoglycan expressed by vascular endothelial cells, is naturally found to freely circulate in the bloodstream of healthy subjects and can be considered as a marker of endothelial activation and dysfunction [1, 5]. A considerable number of cytokines and growth factors, including TNF-α, interleukin-1 (IL-1), transforming growth factor-β1, fibroblast growth factor-2, and VEGF induce endocan expression. A growing amount of experimental data has reported that the overexpression of endocan is associated with tumorogenesis, obesity, and septic and inflammatory conditions. As a biomarker of neoangiogenesis and tumor progression, endocan has been shown to be closely associated with the conversion of dormant tumors into fast-growing angiogenic tumors and with poor prognosis in several types of cancer [1,4–6,11,13–16].
Skin proteomics – analysis of the extracellular matrix in health and disease
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
Jörn Dengjel, Leena Bruckner-Tuderman, Alexander Nyström
Additional key regulators of collagen fibrillogenesis are proteoglycans and matricellular proteins. Decorin, a dermatan sulfate/chondroitin sulfate SLRP, and versican, a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, are the most abundant proteoglycans in the skin [84]. Decorin shows a higher abundance in the papillary ECM and versican in the reticular ECM [84,85]. The importance of these proteoglycans in the skin is reflected by skin fragility in decorin-deficient mice [86] and in dermatan sulfate-deficient humans [87]. Despite being of lower abundance, also other proteoglycans are important regulators of collagen fibrillogenesis in the dermis. These include the SLRPs biglycan, lumican and fibromodulin [88]. Proteoglycans can be present without GAG substitution as just the protein core. Furthermore, although not a protein, the GAG hyaluronan, which is distributed throughout the skin, shows its highest abundance in the papillary dermis [89].