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New Concepts in Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
Published in Mark C Houston, The Truth About Heart Disease, 2023
There is a continuum of risks with the CHD risk factors that affect the blood vessel. For example, a blood pressure of 120/80 mm Hg is normal. For each increase in blood pressure by only 1 mm Hg the risk for CHD increases. If you have high cholesterol, for each one mg increase in LDL cholesterol the risk for CHD increases. If you have high blood sugar or diabetes mellitus, each increase in your blood sugar by one mg or your HbA1c by even one-tenth of a unit will increase CHD. This leads initially to functional abnormalities such as glycocalyx and endothelial dysfunction, and then to structural abnormalities such as stiff arteries, plaque formation, decreased blood flow, CHD, and MI.
Stroke
Published in Henry J. Woodford, Essential Geriatrics, 2022
Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a very rare, autosomal-dominantly inherited disorder. It presents with migraine attacks and cerebrovascular events in early adulthood, and leads to a progressive cognitive impairment. Death usually occurs prior to the age of 60. It is caused by mutations in the notch 3 gene located on chromosome 19, which leads to abnormalities in the structure of small blood vessels. Vascular lesions will be seen on brain imaging. Blood vessel abnormalities can sometimes be detected in tissue samples from skin or muscle biopsies.
Cerebrovascular Diseases
Published in Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson, Physical Activity and Rehabilitation in Life-threatening Illness, 2021
Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson
With a hemorrhagic stroke, most frequently caused by a ruptured blood vessel, the initial goal is to stop the bleeding and reduce pressure within the brain. Often this involves surgical intervention to repair any blood vessel deficits which led to the stroke initially, including aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations, or procedures intended to remove blood and reduce pressure. Surgical clamps can be used to stop bleeding from occurring or progressing, and stereotactic radiosurgery can be used to repair blood vessel malformations.5 Considered a third type of stroke, transient ischemic attacks (TIA) are similar to ischemic strokes in that they are also generally caused by blood clots. TIAs are typically short in duration, with symptoms often resolving within minutes. Ideally, the cause of a TIA should be formally diagnosed in the hope of preventing future ischemic strokes that might result in persistent, residual deficits.
Targeting VCAM-1: a therapeutic opportunity for vascular damage
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2023
Mayarling F Troncoso, Magda C Díaz-Vesga, Fernanda Sanhueza-Olivares, Jaime A Riquelme, Marioly Müller, Luis Garrido, Luigi Gabrielli, Mario Chiong, Ramon Corbalan, Pablo F Castro, Sergio Lavandero
The cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels that pump and deliver blood throughout the body. Blood vessels are structured in three layers: the tunica intima, media, and adventitia. The tunica intima, or inner layer, comprises endothelial cells (EC) in contact with the blood. The tunica media or medial layer is formed mainly by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and the extracellular matrix, such as collagen and elastin, that regulates vascular tone and the integrity of vessels. In capillaries, the medial layer does not contain VSMC, but pericytes form a thin wall that facilitates the transport of blood components [3]. The adventitia layer, or outer layer, comprises fibroblasts, nerves, and small arteries (Vasa vasorum) that deliver nutrients to this layer [4].
LncRNA AK131850 is downregulated in thoracic aortic aneurysm and negatively affects the levels of TGF-β1 in aortic smooth muscle cells
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Xiulei Cai, Yongqi Li, Shengjie Fu, Han Wang, Bing Liu, Yu Tian, Lei Li
The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University approved this study. This study enrolled 60 healthy controls (28 males and 32 females, 30–65 years, 47.1 ± 7.2 years) and 60 TAA patients (28 males and 32 females, 30–65 years, 47.0 ± 7.3 years). These participants were admitted to aforementioned hospital between April 2017 and April 2019. All TAA patients were diagnosed for the first time. Recurrent TAA patients were excluded from this study. No therapies were performed before admission. Patients complicated with other clinical disorders were excluded from this study. All participants signed informed consent. Aortic media specimens were collected from each patient and healthy control on the day of admission. All healthy controls were with suspected blood vessel lesions, while lesions were excluded after the collection of specimens. All healthy controls received systemic physiological examinations, and all the physiological functions of all healthy controls were within normal range. All specimens were stored in liquid nitrogen before following studies.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum expansion: a consistent finding in a patient cohort with vascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome and Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2021
Melody G Redman, Bart E Wagner, Sophie Cadden, Duncan Baker, Jessica M Bowen, Diana Johnson, Glenda Sobey, Meena Balasubramanian
Vascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (vEDS), is an autosomal dominant genetic condition affecting connective tissue. Patients typically have thin translucent skin, easy bruising, characteristic facies, as well as hands and feet which appear prematurely aged. The main concern is fragility of the arteries and hollow organs specifically the intestines, lungs and pregnant uterus. Dissection or rupture of these fragile vessels can have catastrophic consequences for patients, sometimes at a young age. The prevalence of vEDS is estimated to lie between 1 in 50,000 and 1 in 200,000, although data is unreliable.1 Management of these patients currently relies on supportive and symptomatic treatment and screening. There are ongoing trials of prophylactic medical management to reduce the risks to the blood vessels. Early diagnosis allows appropriate management and has been shown to improve survival.2,3