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Anti-Proliferative Properties of Various South African Buddleja Species
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
The major monoterpenes present in some of these species are iridoids (containing an ester or glycosidal link at C-6) such as aucubin and derivatives thereof, including conjugates with shikimate-derived moieties, catalpol and analogs (methoxy, benzoyl and ρ- methoxycinnamoyl) reported to be specifically present in B. globosa (Duff et al., 1965; Houghton and Hikino, 1989; Miyase et al., 1991). Other derivatives of catalpol have been reported to be present in B. japonica and congeners of ajugol and neolignans in the roots of B. davidii (Miyase et al., 1991; Yamamoto et al., 1993).
Inhibiting Low-Density Lipoproteins Intimal Deposition and Preserving Nitric Oxide Function in the Vascular System
Published in Christophe Wiart, Medicinal Plants in Asia for Metabolic Syndrome, 2017
Catalpol isolated from Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch. ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey. given orally to high-fat diet streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic Sprague–Dawley rats (glycemia ≥16.7 mmol/L) at a dose of 60 mg/kg/day for 10 weeks lowered kidney weight.306 This iridoid decreased glycemia from 27.4 to 17.7 mmol/L (normal: 5.3 mmol/L; metformin at 200 mg/kg: 19.1 mmol) as well as glycated serum protein.306 Catalpol also lowered plasma urea from 23.3 to 13.2 mmol/L (normal: 7.2 mmol/L; metformin at 200 mg/kg/day: 12.5 mmol/L). It had no effect on plasma creatinine and improved glomerular cytoarchitecture.306 Catalpol inhibited renal cortex expression of transforming growth factor-β1 and connective tissue growth factor and reduced the concentration of fibronectin and collagen type-IV.306
Monoterpenes Modulating IL-10
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Phytomedicine, 2020
Saravanan Shanmugam, Jullyana S. S. Quintans, Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Luciana Scotti, Marcus T. Scotti, Adriano A. S. Araújo, Lucindo J. Quintans-Júnior
Catalpol, an iridoid glycoside extracted from the roots of Rehmannia glutinosa, is a nutraceutical substance already used in food supplementation for neurodegenerative disorders and plays a vital role in the regulation of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and has been shown to have anti-oxidant, anti-apoptosis, and anti-inflammatory activities (Zhang et al. 2007, 2009; Fu et al. 2014). Catalpol was found to inhibit LPS and IFN-r-induced inflammatory responses in astrocytes (Bi et al. 2013). Catalpol can also downregulate the messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of TGF-1 and CTGF in the renal cortex and lower blood glucose concentrations in diabetic rats with nephropathy. It stimulated the synthesis of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) in the glomeruli through the TGF-1/Smad protein cell signaling pathway (Lan 2011). TGF-1 mRNA expression and protein levels are increased in the glomeruli in various experimental animal diabetic models (Nakamura et al. 1993). Only two reports are available on the catalpol compound. The evidence that pre-treatment of catalpol has a protective effect on LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice, and that the potential mechanism of this action may be related to the inhibition of Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) expression, which subsequently leads to the suppression of NF-κB and MAPK activation and pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines production (Fu et al. 2014). Another study investigated the effect of catalpol on diabetic nephropathy in rats (Dong and Chen 2013). The obtained results from this study reveal that catalpol 30, 60, 120 mg/kg could significantly reduce the Kidney Weight Index (KWI), improve the kidney function and pathological change, decrease the tissue level of Angiotensin II (Ang II), TGF-1, Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF), fibronectin (FN), and collagen type IV (Col IV), catalpol ameliorated the early diabetic nephropathy. It improved the renal function and decreased the overproduction of the FN and Col IV expressions in the renal cortex of the diabetic rats. The mechanism may be related to depressing TGF-1 and CTGF mRNA expression and decreasing the excretion of Ang II, TGF-1, and CTGF.
Catalpol relieved angiotensin II-induced blood–brain barrier destruction via inhibiting the TLR4 pathway in brain endothelial cells
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Yu Xia, Yun Wei Lu, Ren Juan Hao, Gu Ran Yu
Catalpol, an iridoid glycoside, is one of the major bioactive constituents of the root of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch (Scrophulariaceae) which is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. Catalpol could transport into the brain rapidly after intravenous administration, which indicates that catalpol partially passes through the BBB (Xue et al. 2015). Catalpol has been extensively studied and exhibits multiple protective effects including neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects (Bhattamisra et al. 2019). Our past study showed that catalpol alleviated fibrillary Aβ1–42-induced BBB disruption through relieving ECs apoptosis, upregulating tight junction (TJ) scaffold proteins, LRP1 and P-gp, and downregulating expression of RAGE (Liu et al. 2018). Therefore, we considered that catalpol might have a potential protective effect on Ang-II mediated BBB damage.
Therapeutic potential of plant iridoids in depression: a review
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Yaoyao Kou, Zhihao Li, Tong Yang, Xue Shen, Xin Wang, Haopeng Li, Kun Zhou, Luyao Li, Zhaodi Xia, Xiaohui Zheng, Ye Zhao
Roughly 32 iridoid compounds were identified from Rehmannia glutinosa roots, with catalpol being the most abundant, accounting for about 5.33% in undried and 0.61% in dried Rehmannia glutinosa roots (Liu et al. 2001). Catalpol has been reported to play a pivotal role in antidepressant. The PI3K/Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway is possibly a potential biomarker and molecular target for catalpol antidepressants. Activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway can stimulate the activation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway, which binds antioxidant response elements and thus protects the body from oxidative stress (Yuan et al. 2020). In the CUMS-induced depressed Sprague Dawley (SD) rat model, the expressions of PI3K, Akt, Nrf2, HO-1, TrkB, and BDNF in the hippocampus were decreased. The abnormality of the above indexes was observably reversed 5 weeks following catalpol therapy (10 mg/kg, i.g.), and the effect of catalpol and fluoxetine was equivalent (Wang J et al. 2021). Catalpol alleviates depression-like behaviour in the STZ-induced hyperglycaemia animal model, which is similarly associated with the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. The anomalies in TST, FST, and OFT were significantly reversed after administering catalpol (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg) orally for 21 days. In the hippocampus and PFC, catalpol also restored abnormal PI3K and AKT, as well as abnormal levels of the Nrf2 protein, HO-1, and antioxidants such as SOD, GSH-PX, reduced glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) (Wu et al. 2021).
Modified BuShenYiQi formula alleviates experimental allergic asthma in mice by negative regulation of type 2 innate lymphoid cells and CD4+ type 9 helper T cells and the VIP–VPAC2 signalling pathway
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Muhua Huang, Jinfeng Wu, Jingcheng Dong
Previous research reported the paeoniflorin and albiflorin which were derived from Paeonia lactiflora var. villosa, possessed good anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities (Wang, Gao et al. 2014). Catalpol, derived from Rehmannia glutinosa f. lutea, has been shown to have neuroprotective effects, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential for intervening various diseases (Huang et al. 2013). Catalpol could inhibit the expression of IL-13, IL-5 and reduce eosinophils infiltration in the lung to inhibit OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation (Chen et al. 2017; Zhu and Wang 2019). In addition, catalpol could also improve the endocrine function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical-axis (HPA) and inhibit neuropeptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) to exert neuroprotective effects (Liu et al. 2014; Wang, Wu et al. 2014; Wang, Gao et al. 2014; Wang JH et al. 2014). Meanwhile, quantitative analysis of M-BYF showed that baicalin exhibited the highest concentrations, followed by paeoniflorin, icariin, catalpol and calycosin-7-glucoside.