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Anti-Proliferative Properties of Various South African Buddleja Species
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Iridoids are a type of monoterpenoid which are found in a variety of plants and some animals. They occur in plants typically as glycosides, most often bound to glucose. Limited research has been conducted on the biological activity of iridoids isolated specifically from the Buddleja species. However, aucubin and catalpol derived from other plant species have been investigated to some extent. The traditional usage of some Buddleja species to treat liver diseases resulted in a study to determine what the effects would be on liver cells; however, it was reported that aucubin had no protective effects on liver cells, whereas catalpol showed some hepatoprotective activity (Houghton and Hikino, 1989). Another study reported that the effects of aucubin in vivo showed conflicting results, indicating that this compound acted as hepatoprotective in mice; this could indicate the potential biotransformation of aucubin to an active compound due to enzyme systems in the body (Chang, 1998). Catalposide has been indicated to have inhibitory effects against nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in macrophages; however, there are no further reports of iridoids found in Buddleja species that have similar bioactivity (Oh et al., 2002).
Phytolacca dodecandra (African Soapberry) and Picrorhiza kurroa (Kutki)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
K. Meenakshi, Mansi Shah, Indu Anna George
The pharmacologically important iridoids are picrosides or kutikosides. The mixture of picrosides is known as kutkin or picroliv. This comprises of picroside I and II (Upadhyay et al., 2013; P. Verma et al., 2009a). Picrosides III, IV, and V, vernicoside, minecoside, 6-feruloyl catalpol, pikuroside, mussae-nosidic acid, bartsioside, and boschnaloside are other glycoside derivatives of iridoids reported from the plant (Soni and Grover, 2019; Thani, 2021). Biosynthesis of picrosides occurs through a combined biosynthetic route involving non-mevalonate (MEP), mevalonate (MVA), phenylpropanoid, and iridoid pathways (V. Kumar et al., 2017; Shitiz et al., 2015).
Herbal and Supplement Use in Pain Management
Published in Sahar Swidan, Matthew Bennett, Advanced Therapeutics in Pain Medicine, 2020
Mechanism of action: the iridoid glycoside constituents of devil’s claw seem to have an anti-inflammatory effect. Some preliminary research suggests that harpagoside inhibits both the cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase inflammatory pathways.11
Research progress on the protective effects of aucubin in neurological diseases
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Ping Yang, Qiaoyue Zhang, Hengyan Shen, Xinyu Bai, Ping Liu, Tao Zhang
In modern pharmacology, the activities of EUO against NDs have garnered much attention (Kwon et al. 2011; Fan et al. 2020). The composition of extracted bioactive molecules varies based on the different functional parts (leaves, seeds, bark, and staminate flower) and planting models (Li et al. 2015); nevertheless, the iridoid constituents are always abundant in any extract (Li et al. 2015). Aucubin (AU) (CAS: 479-98-1), also known as eucommia glucoside, is a representative component of iridoids of EUO with neuroprotective properties, has a molecular formula of C15H22O9, a relative molecular mass of 346.331, and the chemical name β-D-glucopyranose. AU can be extracted from the bark, leaves, fruits, or male flower of EUO; with the content being reported to reach 11.51%, which was more than chlorogenic acid and flavonoids (Zhu and Sun 2018). In addition, it has been noted that the role of AU in protecting against NDs is a promising resource for future treatment (Zhu et al. 2018; Zeng et al. 2020). With intensive research into its role and mechanism(s) of action, the effects of AU against NDs have been gradually discovered and confirmed. AU is the representative active component of EUO of the kidney-tonifying Chinese medicine, and it also has neuroprotective effects. This study summarizes its protective effects on NDs in order to provide references for subsequent research.
Comprehensive metabolism study of swertiamarin in rats using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Quadrupole-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry
Published in Xenobiotica, 2021
Beibei Ma, Tianyu Lou, Tingting Wang, Ruiji Li, Jinhui Liu, Shangyue Yu, Yudong Guo, Zhibin Wang, Jing Wang
In recent years, iridoids, which are widely distributed in traditional Chinese medicine, have attracted much attention due to their remarkable pharmacological activities, such as anti-oxidation, anti-depression, and hypoglycaemic, and have potential therapeutic value for a variety of human diseases (Niu et al.2020, Tenuta et al.2020, Wang et al. 2020b). Swertiamarin (Figure 1), belonging to the secoiridoid glycosides, is mainly found in plants of the genus Swertia in the Gentianaceae family, typical of which are Swertia mileensis T. N. Ho et W. L. Shi, Swertia franchetiana H. Smith and Swertia erythrosticta Maxim (Hairul-Islam et al.2017, Mihailovic et al. 2020, Wang et al.2020a). Modern pharmacological studies have shown that swertiamarin, as a natural ingredient, has multiple biological activities, such as anti-convulsive, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrosis, and neuroprotection (Chen et al.2019, Wang et al.2019, Vaijanathappa et al.2020, Zhang et al.2020). In addition, swertiamarin had been reported to improve alcoholic fatty liver disease in fructose-fed mice, as well as inhibit hepatocyte apoptosis and inflammation induced by carbon tetrachloride (Wu et al.2018, Yang et al.2019, Zhang et al.2019). Therefore, it is imperative to conduct a comprehensive study on the in vivo metabolism of swertiamarin, which is indispensable to reveal its therapeutic mechanism for neurological illnesses and liver diseases.
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitors as potential anti-diabetes agents: patent review (2015-2018)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2019
Hidayat Hussain, Ivan R Green, Ghulam Abbas, Sergazy M Adekenov, Wahid Hussain, Iftikhar Ali
Iridoids are an important class of monoterpenes widely distributed in many medicinal plants and display a diverse range of biological effects viz., antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, antiobesity, anti- inflammatory, genoprotection, antimicrobial, anti-aging, antioxidant, and antimicrobial [22]. Genipin is a glycone of an iridoid glycoside named geniposide reported from Gardenia jasminoides, a traditional Chinese medicine used to reduce symptoms of diabetes. Moreover some authors reported that genipin showed in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic effects [23]. In another patent genipin analogs 15–29 (Figure 2) were prepared and evaluated for their PTP1B inhibitition [24]. Interestingly, compounds 15–29 demonstrated significant activity with IC50 values ranging from 0.19 to 2.67 μM. Moreover iridoid glycosides 21–28 showed better effects with IC50 values ranging from 0.19 to 0.40 μM. Moreover compounds having the carboxylic acid group viz., compounds 22–27 showed the most potent effects among the tested iridoids with IC50 values ranging from 0.19 to 0.32 μM. On the other hand, iridoid 15 having a methoxy group on the aromatic ring was less potent with IC50: 2.67 μM while insertion of an additional naphthalene ring at C-4 of the benzene ring of compound 15 increases PTP1B inhibitition (compound 29: IC50: 2.67 μM). Compounds 22 and 24 were the most active with IC50 values of 0.19 and 0.20 μM, respectively.