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Cardiovascular Drugs during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Cardiac glycosides cause inotropic effects on the heart and antiarrhythmic effects. Various digitalis preparations cross the placenta readily, resulting in fetal levels 50–80 percent of maternal levels (Chan et al., 1978; Rogers et al., 1972).
Plant Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
The main role of chloroplasts is to perform photosynthesis, where the chlorophylls capture the energy from sunlight and converts it in ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (reduced form of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), which are both chemical molecules rich in energy. The photosynthesis is accompanied by freeing oxygen from the water into the air, which plays an important role in the ecosystem (6, 14). They then use the ATP and NADPH to synthesize a number of organic molecules like carbohydrates (sugars, starch), amino acids, fatty acids, and other nutrients such as vitamins, antioxidants from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, or from water, minerals in the soil under the action of sunlight (6, 13–14). A majority of the nutrients obtained are transported from the leaves through the stem via the vascular system into other regions of the plant such as roots, trunk, stem, and fruits, supplying them with energy. Chloroplasts can produce around 3,000 proteins; however, their functions are still not well-known (14). They have their own DNA. They also have a critical role in plant immunity as they are the site for the production of secondary metabolites like alkaloids and glycosides which are important mediators of plant immune response.
Characterization of Phyto-Constituents
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Himangini, Faizana Fayaz, Anjali
Glycosides are blends containing starch and a non-sugar development in a comparable molecule. Glycosides are characterized as the buildup results of sugars (counting polysaccharides) with a large group of various assortments of natural hydroxy (once in a while thiol) compounds (constantly monohydrate in character), in such a way, that the hemiacetal moiety of the starch must participate in the buildup. The carbohydrate or glycone is appended by an acetal linkage at carbon particle 1 to a nonsugar buildup or aglycone. On the basis of its pharmacological activity, sugar component and chemical property of aglycon component, glycosides are classified. Examples include cardiac glycosides (like digitalis acts on the heart), anthracene glycosides (like aloe and rhubarb used as purgative, and for treatment of skin diseases), chalcone glycoside (anticancer), alcoholic glycosides (salicin used as analgesic), cyanogenic glycosides (like amygdalin, prunasin) are used as flavoring agents in many pharmaceutical preparations. Amygdalin as shown in Figure 3.3 has been also utilized as antimalignant agent (HCN which is evolved in gastro kills cancer cells), and also as a cough suppressant in various preparations (Abraham et al., 2016). Overdose of cyanogenic glycosides can be lethal.
Direct and indirect targets of carboxyatractyloside, including overlooked toxicity toward nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) and mitochondrial H+ leak
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
The therapeutic properties of plants synthesizing ATR/CATR have been known for a long time. A. gummifera was used in ancient Greece and throughout most of the Mediterranean Basin (Daniele et al. 2005; Bouabid et al. 2019). Among the Zulu and Xhosa people of South Africa, the suffrutext Callilepis laureola DC. (Asteraceae) has had curative value (Stewart and Steenkamp 2000; Steenkamp et al. 2004; Brown 2017). From early China and the pre-Chinese period, even ca. the 45th–40th centuries BC (the Neolithic period), X. strumarium (Figures 2(a,b) and 3) has probably been among the major sources of herbal medications in Asia (Fan et al. 2019; Sheng et al. 2019; Sultana et al. 2019; Khan et al. 2020). There are also reports indicating the use of X. strumarium for medicinal purposes by native inhabitants of America (Sheng et al. 2019; Lawson et al. 2020). However, the toxic and healing effects of these plants are still not completely understood. The complex interrelationships between ATR/CATR and their target proteins, both direct and indirect, including those forgotten and not considered to date, are the final subtopic of this review (Table 1 and related sections). The extended affinity of the cell for these glycosides through different enzymes/carrier proteins suggests that this aspect must be extensively investigated and, thus, urgently revised and universally updated.
Foxglove poisoning: diagnostic and therapeutic differences with medicinal digitalis glycosides overdose
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2022
Koen R. Maes, Pieter Depuydt, Joris Vermassen, Peter De Paepe, Walter Buylaert, Cathelijne Lyphout
Medicinal and vegetal cardiac glycoside poisoning produce similar symptoms and toxicity, but show important diagnostic and therapeutic differences.Activated charcoal should be considered a soon as possible (preferably within two hours, but also after expiration of this time). Multiple dose activated charcoal (MDAC) is recommended in order to interrupt intestinal absorption and enterohepatic cycling.Digoxin assays exhibit variable cross reaction with other vegetal cardiac glycosides rendering them unuseful to estimate the ingested amount, but may be used qualitatively.Digoxin-specific Fab fragments remain the most effective measure to reduce life-threatening arrhythmias and mortality, though the optimal dosage in vegetal intoxications remains unclear.Digoxin assays have no place in follow-up of the antidotal effect of Fab-fragments.
Targeting glyco-immune checkpoints for cancer therapy
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2021
Glycans are carbohydrate-containing molecules which play an important role in several biological functions, including cell adhesion, metabolism, and immune surveillance [5,6]. Glycans can be found in the extracellular matrix as free chains of glycosaminoglycans, at the cell surface in the form of glycoproteins and glycolipids, and as intracellular glycosylated proteins [6–8]. Glycosylation is an enzymatic process that generates glycosidic bonds. This process takes place predominantly in the endoplasmic reticulum and in the Golgi apparatus and it involves the coordinated action of several glycosyltransferases and glycosidases [6,8]. Given the importance of glycans, it is not surprising that glycosylation is controlled at several levels, including gene expression and localization of glycosyltransferases and glycosidases, and substrate availability [6,8].