China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Introduction
Published in Brijesh Kumar, Vikas Bajpai, Vikaskumar Gond, Subhashis Pal, Naibedya Chattopadhyay, Phytochemistry of Plants of Genus Cassia, 2021
Brijesh Kumar, Vikas Bajpai, Vikaskumar Gond, Subhashis Pal, Naibedya Chattopadhyay
In the seed extract of C. occidentalis chrysophanol, toxins, 1,4-oxazine derivative n-methyl morpholine has been isolated. Seeds also contain physcion, physciondianthron heterosides and physcion condensed as homodianthrone as well as a mixture of anthraquinones. 1-glucoside of physcion (0.018%) along with physcion (0.0068%) and two new anthraquinones like 1, 8-dihydroxy-2-methyl anthraquinone (0.0014%) and 1,4,5-trihydroxy-3-methyl-7-methoxy anthraquinone (0.0016%), chrysophanol free and as a glycoside were also found in seed samples. A new polysaccharide galactomannan consisting of d-galactose and d-mannose in the proportion of 1:3.1, as well as trace amount of d-xylose was also found in the C. occidentalis seeds. Maltose, lactose, sucrose and raffinose are also detected from seed. Some other compounds identified from the seeds of C. occidentalis are -1,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl anthraquinone, physcion, rhein, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol and steroidal glucosides. An analysis of flowers indicated the presence of anthraquinones, emodin, physcion and physcion-1-O-β-d-glucoside as well as the ubiquitous sterol β-sitosterol (Veerachari and Bopaiah, 2012).
Medicinal Plants of Mongolia
Published in Raymond Cooper, Jeffrey John Deakin, Natural Products of Silk Road Plants, 2020
Narantuya Samdan, Odonchimeg Batsukh
Chemical constituents: Leaves contain cardiac glycosides (0.51%–0.55%); flower and seed contain 0.2%, and stems contain 0.2%. The cardiac glycosides are cymarin, corchoroside A, adonitoxin, K-strophanthin-β, erysimoside, olitroside, k-strophanthoside, and gluco-olitroside. The main cardiac glycosides are K-strophantin-β (up to 0.4% of dried plant, up to 76% of total cardiac glycosides), cymarin (up to 13% of total cardiac glycosides) (Lamjav, 1975); flavonoids: luteolin, kaempferol, luteolin-7-glucoside, orientin, and tannins (3%) (Ligaa et al., 2005) (Figure 1.28).
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Toxicity — “Thirty berries are used as a purgative by Russian peasants, though French writers regard fifteen as a fatal dose.”2 The berries have proved fatal to children.2 Symptoms following oral ingestion of the berries include pain, inflammation and irritation of the lips, mouth, and tongue, stomatitis, salivation, diarrhea, stomachache, nausea, colic, watery hematochezia, etc.33 The glucoside causes burning or ulceration of the throat and stomach, vomiting, internal bleeding with bloody diarrhea, weakness, coma, and death.34
Extensive metabolism of flavonoids relevant to their potential efficacy on Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2021
Flavonoid O-glycosides, the flavonoid glycosides that the anomeric carbon of the sugar was linked to the carbon atom of the aglycone via O-glycosidic bond (ether bond), is the mostly distributed form of flavonoids in nature. The targeted flavonoid O-glycosides in discussion included monoglycosides such as astilbin, baicalin, cyanidin-3-O-β-D-glucoside, genistin, hibifolin, hyperoside, isoastilbin, isoquercitrin, liquiritin, quercetin and scutellarin, and diglycosides consisting of diosmin, hesperidin, linarin, naringin and rutin, except icariin and icariside II, which were discussed in the section of prenylated flavonoids, and the types of sugar in these flavonoid O-glycosides are composed of glucose, galactose, rhamnose and glucuronic acid. In addition, flavonoid O-glycosides are susceptible to acids or enzymes mediated hydrolysis.
In vitro evaluation of intestinal absorption of tiliroside from Edgeworthia gardneri (Wall.) Meisn.
Published in Xenobiotica, 2021
Xiongwei Yin, Min Wang, Zhining Xia
After the addition of MRP2 inhibitor, the areas of Peak 1 (helichrysoside), Peak 6 (astragalin), and Peak 10 (TIL) significantly increased, but the rest peaks were not affected. The absorption level of TIL (Peak 10) increased significantly. It suggested that inhibition of MRP2-mediated efflux could effectively improve the bioavailability of TIL. The absorption level of helichrysoside (Peak 1) increased slightly. Helichrysoside is a kind of quercetin glycosides. It was reported that most of the quercetin glucuronides were the substrates of MRP2, such as quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide and quercetin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide. Importantly, their binding ability depended on the position and nature of aglycone (Williamson et al.2007). The absorption level of astragalin (Peak 6) also rose a little. Though astragalin is structurally similar to TIL, it is necessary to further determine whether it has the same binding site as MRP2. The absorption level of flavonoid glucosides relies on their hydrolysis mechanisms and intestinal conjugation activity. However, it is required to further explore the properties of the carriers of flavonoid glucosides at the intestinal level.
Cassava toxicity, detoxification and its food applications: a review
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Anil Panghal, Claudia Munezero, Paras Sharma, Navnidhi Chhikara
Linamarin and lotaustralin are widely distributed throughout the roots and leaves, and are present in bound form. Cyanogenic glucosides are not toxic as such because they are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and eliminated as such through urination. However, when chewed or during processing hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond will result in hydrogen cyanide formation (Brimer 2015). The hydrolysis causes disruption of cells leading to contact of the intracellular linamarin with the enzyme linamarase located in cell walls. Thus, the intracellular linamarin is exposed to extracellular enzyme linamarase resulting in formation of glucose and cyanohydrins (Figure 2). The latter are stable at acidic pH but dissociate at neutral or higher pH which yields ketones and free hydrocyanic acid (HCN) (Montagnac et al. 2009). Kobawila et al. (2005) classified the cassava on the basis of cyanhydric acid content present in cassava pulp as highly toxic variety (100 mg HCN/Kg), moderately toxic (50–100 mg HCN/Kg) and nontoxic variety (<50 mg HCN/Kg of pulp).