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Effects of Food Processing, Storage, and Cooking on Nutrients in Plant-Based Foods
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
Dietary Fiber: The term dietary fiber encompasses a heterogeneous group of plant-based carbohydrates that offer resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis in mammalian digestive systems. Dietary fiber includes plant cell wall material including cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectins, and other polysaccharides. Cellulose is characterized for being a group of glucose polymers found in many cell walls consisting of beta 1–4 linkages, which human amylases cannot hydrolyze. Several definitions of dietary fiber exist in the literature. According to the Food and Nutrition Board of the US Institute of Medicine, dietary fiber consists of nondigestible carbohydrates and lignin that are intact in plants; functional fiber consists of isolated, nondigestible carbohydrates that have beneficial physiological effects in humans; and total fiber is the sum of both (Institute of Medicine, 2001). The distinction is important because their ability to survive in various food processing and cooking steps varies by type and the commodity of which they are part.
Red Cells with High Oxygen Affinity Hemoglobins
Published in Ronald L. Nagel, Genetically Abnormal Red Cells, 2019
Metabolically, 2,3 DPG is generated by the Rapoport-Luebering shunt from 1,3 DPG by DPG synthase or mutase. Its level depends on the rate of synthesis and the rate of hydrolysis. The rate of synthesis is complex and depends on (1) the amount of substrate 1,3 DPG generated by glycolysis, which in turn increases directly with pH; and (2) the amount of 1,3 DPG entering the R-L shunt (the alternative, and the most energetically wise, is to be converted into 3 phosphoglycerate and generate an ATP molecule.) This portion of the scheme is probably greatly affected by the activity of the synthase which is stimulated in direct proportion of the red cell pH and under end-product inhibition by the concentration of 2,3 DPG. This last parameter depends not only on the rate of hydrolysis, but also on the residence time of 2,3 DPG on deoxyhemoglobin.
Solanine (Nightshade Glycoalkaloids)
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Filomena Lelario, Laura Scrano, Sabino Aurelio Bufo, Maryam Bader, Donia Karaman, Ameen Thawabteh, Rafik Karaman
Chemical hydrolysis rates increase with hydrochloric acid (HCl) concentration and temperature and decrease with the amount of water in organic solvent-water solutions. The nature of the alcohol present in the media strongly influences the rate and specificity of hydrolysis, permitting optimal formation of specific hydrolysis products. Under conditions of strong acid and high temperatures, solanidine is formed from the hydrolysis of α-chaconine and α-solanine, and then it reacts to form solanthrene [5].
Discovery of a novel Aurora B inhibitor GSK650394 with potent anticancer and anti-aspergillus fumigatus dual efficacies in vitro
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Yuhua He, Wei Fu, Liyang Du, Huiqiao Yao, Zhengkang Hua, Jinyu Li, Zhonghui Lin
It is well known that ATP is the primary carrier of energy in cells. Upon hydrolysis, it releases energy from the chemical bonds to fuel cellular processes. For example, ATP hydrolysis by motor proteins or DNA helicases can induce conformational changes and thus drive the translocation of these proteins. In addition, the protein kinases regulate various biological processes by transferring a phosphate group from ATP to amino acid residues like serine, threonine, or tyrosine. Interestingly, the mitotic kinases Aurora B, Haspin, and Bub132 also possess intrinsic ATPase activity, producing free inorganic phosphate. It is currently unknown whether this energy-consuming activity has a physiological role in cells, further studies are needed to address this potentially interesting question.
Fluid flow effects on the degradation kinetics of bioresorbable polymers
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Zhitao Liu, Hongbo Zhang, Huanxin Lai
Hydrolysis is known to be the dominant mechanism in hydrolytic degradation. The diffusion and accumulation of water molecules causes hydrolysis of the ester bonds in the polymer matrix. As a result, these chains are split into water soluble shorter chains (oligomers and monomers) characterized by carboxylic ends. Because of the chain scission, the molecular weight of the polymer decreases gradually. The degradation products then diffuse into the surrounding environment, which results in the mass loss of polymers. The diffusion is generally slower in a large-size device, due to the greater diffusion distance (Siepmann et al. 2005; Xu et al. 2017). The slow diffusion may result in accumulation of acidic products inside the polymer matrix, and they accelerate the degradation process. The phenomenon is known as the autocatalysis (Gentile et al. 2014; Laycock et al. 2017).
Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic activities of Alhagi camelorum in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in Wistar rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2021
Fatemeh Nabiyouni, Gholamhasan Vaezi, Ali Akbar Malekirad
Histological study presented here on the effects of Alhagi plant extracts on pancreatic tissue shows that this extract leads to the propagation and restoration of pancreatic beta cells and results in increased insulin secretion in probably the same way. Therefore, the reduction of blood sugar levels seems quite logical, and of other possible mechanisms of the plant extract on blood sugar, is the effect on the absorption of glucose. Herbal antioxidant compounds reduce glucose absorption in the intestine. This effect is likely to occur by the inhibition of digestive enzymes such as amylase and beta-glycosides. These enzymes are involved in carbohydrate hydrolysis. The Alhagi plant extract may also inhibit the absorption of carbohydrates from the intestine and inhibit the discharge of stomach contents into the intestine. On the other hand, the extract probably increases the glucose utilisation in peripheral tissues, therefore helps to reduce blood sugar, because of some antioxidant compounds and plant obtain insulin-like effects, and the plant also has strong antioxidant properties (Lakzaei et al.2013, Zarei et al.2014).