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Cancer (Breast)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Most breast cancer forms in the epithelial cells lining the lobules or ducts of the breasts. After skin cancer, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women in the U.S. Typical symptoms may include a lump in the breast, a change in size or shape of the breast, and/or a discharge from a nipple. Mammograms combined with biopsies can often diagnose the cancer. The strongest risk factor for breast cancer is age because most breast cancers occur in women over 50 years of age.1 Family, personal history of breast cancer, and gynecologic histories are significant contributors to the risk of developing metastatic breast cancer, as is breast density (the more dense the breast tissue, the higher the risk of breast cancer), alcohol intake, hormone therapy history, and diet, which may contribute to development or growth of breast cancers.2
Chemotherapy in pregnancy
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
In rabbit and rat studies, fetal exposure to both docetaxel and paclitaxel have been associated with an increase in intrauterine deaths, increased fetal resorption, reduced fetal weight, and delayed ossification. Human studies have been limited to a scant number of case reports. In one report, docetaxel, cisplatin, and gemcitabine were given to a patient in the first and second trimesters of an unrecognized pregnancy (38). A healthy infant was delivered by cesarean section at 33 weeks, without congenital malformations. Sood et al. reported on the use of paclitaxel and cisplatin in a patient diagnosed with stage IIIC ovarian cancer at 27 weeks. After surgical debulking, she was given three cycles of chemotherapy prior to delivery. The child was 30 months of age, at the time of the publication, without any known abnormalities or developmental delays (24). Morris et al. reported on a patient with recurrent metastatic breast cancer diagnosed at 29 weeks of gestation. She received a total of six cycles of weekly paclitaxel and delivered a normal infant by elective cesarean section at 38 weeks (39). Additionally, a normal infant was delivered after three 21-day cycles of docetaxel given to a patient diagnosed with recurrent breast cancer at 15 weeks of gestation (13). Other reports have further confirmed that taxanes can be used safely in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy without significant risk of fetal malformations (14,40,41).
Hormone Receptors and Endocrine Therapy in Breast Cancer
Published in Sherry X. Yang, Janet E. Dancey, Handbook of Therapeutic Biomarkers in Cancer, 2021
Sherry X. Yang, Nancy E. Davidson
Although the benefit of endocrine therapy in HR+ early breast cancer is clearly established, only 50 to 60% of patients with ER+ and/or PgR+ tumors benefit from the treatment [30]. That is, up to 40% of patients relapse and develop tamoxifen-resistant disease among those who received adjuvant tamoxifen therapy [98]. Five-year and 10-year survival rates for metastatic breast cancer are 27% and 5% to 10%, respectively [99].
Polysialic acid-functionalized liposomes for efficient honokiol delivery to inhibit breast cancer growth and metastasis
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Xin Li, Shuang Guan, Henan Li, Dong Li, Dan Liu, Jing Wang, Wenquan Zhu, Guihua Xing, Liling Yue, Defu Cai, Qi Zhang
Tumor metastasis development is a multistage process in which malignant cells spread from tumor origin to colonize distant organs, which is the major contributor to most cancer patient mortality (Luo et al., 2020). Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women (Siegel et al., 2023). The results of the American Cancer Society on breast cancer estimated that over 3.8 million women live in the United States with a history of invasive breast cancer, and approximately 270,000 women were newly diagnosed at the beginning of 2019. Over 150,000 breast cancer survivors have metastatic disease (Akram et al., 2017; DeSantis et al., 2019; Miller et al., 2019). Chemotherapy remains an essential approach to treating metastatic breast cancer, but its mortality rate is growing due to systemic toxicity and associated side effects (Qi Zhang, 2018). As a result, much attention has been paid to the discovery of new anticancer compounds.
Sequential targeting dual-responsive magnetic nanoparticle for improved therapy of lung metastatic breast cancer
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2023
Shan Shi, Meiting Cao, Yang Li, Liping Zhou, Shurong Zhang, Xiaoyue Wang, Juan Xin, Wei Li
Breast cancer is one of the commonest cancers and the major cause of mortality among women worldwide [1]. Although breast cancer is well treatable at the early stage by surgery, radiation, and drug therapy, metastatic breast cancer remains a major obstacle for effective treatment, and is responsible for about 90% of breast cancer deaths [2]. More than 60% of breast cancer patients develop lung metastasis at late stage, thus chemotherapy is required for treating late-stage lung metastases [3]. Despite recent advances in chemotherapy, severe side effects are observed in many patients, and a 5-year overall survival rate of metastatic breast cancer is only 16.8% [2–4], even an extremely shorter survival. One plausible elucidation for the futile response to therapy is the result of non-specific drug delivery where antitumor agents can’t reach the metastatic sites, consequently leading to poor anti-metastatic effects [5–7]. This situation is driving a rapid increase in the demand for developing novel strategies for metastatic-specific drug delivery to improve the therapeutic efficacy on breast cancer metastasis.
Reconciling two opposing effects of radiation therapy: stimulation of cancer cell invasion and activation of anti-cancer immunity
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
An unusual pattern of locoregional recurrence characterized by metastatic breast cancer to the skin can occur in the irradiated field in women treated for breast cancer (Tsujino et al. 2011). This rare locoregional recurrence, occurring in approximately 0.25% of treated patients, is observed 1–33 months after RT and often involves lymph nodes which can then progress to distant metastases. This pattern is observed in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and in those with either estrogen, progesterone, or Her2 receptor-positive tumors. Similar cases were also reported in patients with nasopharyngeal cancer, and endometrial cancer (Meltzer et al. 1981; Marley and Marley 1982; Zhu et al. 2012). This locoregional recurrence could be caused by the ability of CTCs to return and colonize the original irradiated tumor area (Kim et al. 2009). This process termed tumor self-seeding was observed in an animal model of breast cancer (Vilalta et al. 2014). Another pathway could involve the stimulation of tumor cell invasion in irradiated peritumoral tissue. In a mouse model, irradiation of the mammary gland before implantation of non-irradiated TNBC cells stimulated their migration through this organ (Bouchard et al. 2013). This recruitment of tumor cells could explain the loco-regional recurrence of carcinoma erysipeloides in the chest wall of breast cancer patients who receive an intermediate dose of radiation (Tsujino et al. 2011).