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Antineoplastic Drugs during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
The most common cancer in women is breast carcinoma, and the lifetime risk indicates it will affect one in eight women, or ~12 percent, at some time (Maggen et al., 2019). Breast carcinoma occurs in an estimated 23.3 to 30 of 100,000 pregnancies (3 percent of all breast carcinomas) (Cottreau et al., 2019). Breast cancer complicates an estimated one in 3,000 pregnancies, and is associated with and accounts for approximately one-third of maternal deaths during gestation. The average delay in diagnosis of breast cancer during pregnancy is an estimated 5–10 months, but is 1 to 4 months in non-pregnant patients. The mean gestational age at breast cancer diagnosis is ~21 weeks. It is controversial in whether or not pregnancy per se influences breast cancer prognosis, but data on prognosis use small, retrospective cohorts confounded by heterogeneous treatment approaches.
Paper 3
Published in Aalia Khan, Ramsey Jabbour, Almas Rehman, nMRCGP Applied Knowledge Test Study Guide, 2021
Aalia Khan, Ramsey Jabbour, Almas Rehman
Fat necrosis usually results from trauma to the breast. Fat cells rupture and an inflammatory response causes calcification in the breast tissue. Presentation is with a tender hard lump, which can become irregular and tethered to the skin. Differential diagnosis includes breast carcinoma and hence investigation with fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and mammography may be required.
Breast Imaging with Radiolabeled Antibodies
Published in Raymond Taillefer, Iraj Khalkhali, Alan D. Waxman, Hans J. Biersack, Radionuclide Imaging of the Breast, 2021
Lamk M. Lamki, Bruce J. Barron
Mammography has a high rate of detection of nonpalpable breast carcinoma, but cannot always reliably differentiate benign from malignant lesions. A substantial number of breast biopsies for benign conditions result. The utility of Tc-sestamibi in differentiating malignant from benign breast disease is discussed elsewhere in this book. However, a similar use of Tc-99m CEA scan may prove more specific. Rosner et al. evaluated the utility of Tc-arcitumomab in 72 patients with nonpalpable, indeterminate, or suspicious mammographic lesions. In 13 patients with early, nonpalpable primary breast cancer, six were detected by scintigraphy, while seven were falsely negative. Of these 7/13, five were not thought to be low-probability or indeterminate, while five were thought to be suspicious by immunoscintigraphy. Of the 59 patients with benign disease, 57 scans were negative, while two were falsely positive. This resulted in a specificity of 97%, better than the 75% reported for mammography. The false-negative rate in patients with low-probability, indeterminate mammograms was 4.1%, vs. 10.2% for mammography [95], It can also help differentiate between benign, abnormal hyperplasia with atypia, and carcinoma, thus having higher specificity than mammography [74], Unfortunately, this potential cannot be widely utilized, since the antibody is not FDA approved for that use in the U.S.
Primary Tumour Type, Clinical Features, Treatment and Outcome of Patients with Iris Metastasis
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
Tao Liu, Feng Bai, Li Yang, Li Liu, Jun Xiao, Xiaoli Liu
Of the 125 cases, 51% were from Caucasian populations, 22% from Asian, 6% were Black and 20% came from various countries including Turkey and Brazil. [5–98] Seventy cases involved males (56%), 50 involved females (40%), and five were unclear (4%); the male to female ratio was 1.4:1. The mean age at metastasis diagnosis was 56 ± 15 years (0–87 years). The mean age of the males was 60 ± 14 years (0–87 years), and that of the females was 53 ± 17 years (4–76 years). The age at metastasis diagnosis was related to the primary tumors. The mean age of the patients with primary lung carcinoma was 59 ± 10 (38–79 years). The mean age of the patients with primary breast carcinoma was 51 ± 12 years (30–72 years). There are significant differences statistically in comparison between two groups (p < .05).
An Ignored Contributing Factor of Vitamin-D Deficiency, despite the Strong Association with Breast Carcinoma among Women in Punjab, Pakistan
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Durr-e-Samin Tahir, Bareah Madiha, Muhammad Anjum Zia
Breast carcinoma is the most frequently occurring tumor among females and the cases of such malignancies are gradually increasing every year thus breast carcinoma has become the second major reason for mortality among females (1). Pakistan exhibits the largest incidence level of breast carcinoma among the Asian nations (2). Some investigations have shown that dietary components may have an effect on 50% of cases of breast carcinoma death (3). It has also been revealed that reduction in ingestion of red meat, fats and more quantity of fiber and vitamin-D (Vit-D) in food are the factors that may act as a protective shield against breast carcinoma (4).Vit-D belongs to the family of steroid hormone and it has receptors on almost each cell of the body thus, its dysregulation contribute to a wide range of disorders (5). The 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1, 25(OH)2 D, or Calcitriol) is a well-known calcium regulator and bioactive form of Vit-D (4).
The Carbonic Anhydrase IX inhibitor SLC-0111 as emerging agent against the mesenchymal stem cell-derived pro-survival effects on melanoma cells
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2020
Silvia Peppicelli, Elena Andreucci, Jessica Ruzzolini, Francesca Bianchini, Chiara Nediani, Claudiu T. Supuran, Lido Calorini
It is now well accepted that invasive and metastatic phenotype of cancer cells is not only related to genomic instability characterising certain subpopulations of cancer cells, but also depends from signals originated by tumour-associated stroma, e.g. regional hypoxia and acidosis, and the associated mesenchymal cells. MSC represent one of the most frequent cell populations found in tumour-associated stroma of solid tumours28 but their recruitment to tumours and their ability to influence growth, angiogenesis, invasiveness, metastatic dissemination and resistance to therapy, although extensively investigated, are still debated10. Studying breast carcinoma cells, Karnoub et al.29 found that MSC promote in cancer cells a reversible phenotype endowed with an enhanced invasive and metastatic properties, dependent on MSC CCL5 chemokine acting on tumoral receptor CCR5. Along this finding, it was reported that both sulphonamide and coumarin CA inhibitors reduced in a significant manner both tumour growth and metastases of CAIX-positive 4T1 mammary cancer cell xenografts30. CAIX is highly expressed, in addition to cancer cells, on normal stroma-associated cells, then is potently induced by hypoxia31 and also by acidosis16,18 indicating its wide distribution along the several changes of tumour-associated stroma15.