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Cancer
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Prevention of breast cancer primarily includes lifestyle modification, chemoprevention, and surgical prevention. Lifestyle modification involves changes in behavior such as smoking cessation, a healthy diet, alcohol reduction, and regular exercise. Screening for the early detection of breast cancer is important. Monthly self-breast examination is required. Screening with clinical breast examination, mammography, and MRI must be done. Mammography is most accurate for older women. For women with an average risk of breast cancer, screening mammography generally begins at age 40, 45, or 50 and then annually or every 2 years. The patient must be educated about the risks for breast cancer.
Oncology Care and Gynecologic Concerns
Published in S Paige Hertweck, Maggie L Dwiggins, Clinical Protocols in Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 2022
Previous chest irradiation leads to 13–20% increased risk of breast cancerScreening should begin by age 25 or 8 years after radiation, whichever occurs lastContinue annually until age when screening would be stopped in general populationPreferred screening modality breast MRI or mammography
Disease prevention and screening in public health
Published in Ben Y.F. Fong, Martin C.S. Wong, The Routledge Handbook of Public Health and the Community, 2021
Martin C.S. Wong, Junjie Huang, Kevin Law, Hanyue Ding, Yun-yang Deng
The incidence and mortality of breast cancer is the highest among females. In 2018, there were nearly 2.08 million new cases of breast cancer and 627,000 related deaths worldwide (Bray et al., 2018). Breast cancer screening includes risk assessment, mammography (MMG), breast self-examination (BSE) and clinical breast examination (CBE). The most widely used risk assessment tool is the Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool/Gail model, which takes into account the age, race, history of breast disease, age of menarche, number of births and related family history. The Se and Sp of it were 53.3% and 77.7%, respectively (Zhang et al., 2018). Mammography is the main method of screening for breast cancer. BSE and CBE, which are simple and easy to conduct, are also common screening methods. However, it is worth noting that there are also some harms in breast cancer screening, such as radiation, overdiagnosis, false positive results and unnecessary treatment.
Factors associated with breast cancer mammography screening and breast self-examination in Irish women: results from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA)
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2022
The model examining the influence of variables on breast self-examination was also significant (X2 = 153.412, p < .001 with df = 26). This model explained that quality of life, BMI, age, social class, marital status, and breast cancer screening attendance all influenced whether or not the participant practiced breast self-examination. Quality of life increased the probability of practicing BSE by 0.9% per unit increase on the CASP-12 scale (OR = 1.035, 95%CI = 1.015–1.057). A unit increase in BMI increased the probability of practicing regular BSE by 2.8% (OR = 1.118, 95%CI = 1.020–1.226). Participants aged 75–79 (n = 329) were 61% less likely to practice BSE than participants aged 50–54 (n = 310) (OR = 0.629, 95%CI = 0.407–0.972). Participants in the third quartile of social class (n = 1142) were 60% less likely than those in the first quartile (n = 1380) to practice BSE. Participants who were married (n = 2249) had a 59% higher probability of practicing BSE over those who were not married (n = 1318) (OR = 1.436, 95%CI = 1.190–1.732). Finally, participants who had a mammogram to screen for cancer (n = 1952) had a 63% higher probability of practicing BSE compared to those who had not (n = 1605) (OR = 1.691, 95%CI = 1.353–2.114). Therefore, the participants least likely to practice BSE were those in the following categories: those with an alcohol problem, who did not attend screening since the last interview, and those aged 75 or over.
Malignant cell characterization via mathematical analysis of bio impedance and optical properties
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2021
The distinct optical properties of malignant and healthy cells are an active research interest for non-invasive procedure for early diagnosis (Artemov et al. 2003; Salomatina et al. 2006). The perceptible quantitative analysis of the properties of the varied cell type are crucial in the field of photo medicine. The 2018 report from the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized cancer as the second leading cause of death. Statistics from the American Cancer Society prognosticated in 2019 with 1.7 million new cases and 0.6 million resulting deaths in the United States alone. Breast cancer is considered as one of the preeminent forms of cancer in women and hence early diagnosis and onset of preliminary treatment can alleviate the mortality rate. Mammograms are a prevalent, low-dose X-ray tool used for early breast cancer screening (Jain and Friedman 1997; Narain et al. 2011). However, the imperfect nature of mammogram results requires additional repetitive test (Huynh et al. 1998). The invasive biopsy tool requires small incision to collect sample segment and perform laboratory analysis to corroborate. The large needle used for diagnosis in mammogram can account for bruising, soreness, and infection. The regular screening and incessant ‘false positive’ can have consequential psychological impact on the patient mental health including anxiety and disinclination to undergo future screening (Lerman et al. 1991; Pisano et al. 1998). Therefore, non-invasive imaging procedure avoids physical malaise and can abridge repetitive measurements of biopsies to produce a feasible and reliable diagnosis.
Persistent breast pain in post-surgery breast cancer survivors and women with no history of breast surgery or cancer: associations with pain catastrophizing, perceived breast cancer risk, breast cancer worry, and emotional distress
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2019
Dana H. Bovbjerg, Francis J. Keefe, Mary S. Soo, Jessica Manculich, Alyssa Van Denburg, Margarita L. Zuley, Gretchen M. Ahrendt, Celette S. Skinner, Sara N. Edmond, Rebecca A. Shelby
The present study is also the first to 1) examine two breast cancer-specific psychological factors (worry that breast pain may indicate cancer and perceived risk of a breast cancer recurrence or new primary diagnosis) as additional possible statistical predictors of heightened emotional distress in women with PBP; 2) investigate the possibility that despite the lower prevalence of PBP, the same psychological factors may also be statistical predictors of heightened emotional distress in women without cancer, (who have PBP due to unknown causes) and; 3) assess these psychological factors at the time women are receiving a routine breast cancer screening mammogram, a particularly salient time point emotionally for patients and a time that our previous research has found emotional distress levels to be predictive of subsequent non-adherence to guidelines for mammography screenings [21]. Results have implications for the development and implementation of innovative psychological interventions to reduce emotional distress in women with PBP.