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Hearing and Musicians’ Recent Findings on Hearing Health and Auditory Enhancement
Published in Stavros Hatzopoulos, Andrea Ciorba, Mark Krumm, Advances in Audiology and Hearing Science, 2020
Sávia Leticia Menuzzo Quental, Maria Isabel Ramos do Amaral, Christiane Marques do Couto
Using diffusion tensor imaging, Elmer et al. (2016) observed that musicians showed reduced radial diffusivity, indicating an increase in myelin integrity in the transcallosal nerve fiber bundle that connects the left and right planum temporale. Myelin integrity correlated with performance in phonetic categorization and with blood oxygenation responses in the left planum temporale. Based on the results, the authors proposed that musicians might show functional specialization of the left planum temporale, a region associated with the processing of rapidly changing acoustic features.
Motor Aspects of Lateralization
Published in Robert Miller, Axonal Conduction Time and Human Cerebral Laterality, 2019
The failure to find such neurones in monkeys may be because the cortico-cortical connections necessary for their acquisition do not actually exist. The appropriate connections would originate from a premotor or motor area concerned with movements of the speech apparatus (namely part of the inferior frontal lobe, a region similar to the human Broca’s area) and would project to the auditory association area in the superior temporal gyrus and planum temporale/insula region (similar to Wernicke’s area). Anatomical evidence for the existence of such a projection in monkeys is very slim. Admittedly, several studies have traced projections from prefrontal cortex to temporal lobe (Pandya and Kuypers, 1969; Jones and Powell, 1970; Pandya and Vignolo, 1971; Pandya et al., 1971; Markowitsch et al., 1985; Pandya and Yeterian, 1985; Shiwa, 1987; Ban et al., 1991; Deacon, 1992). However, few of them specifically trace pathways originating in the inferior frontal gyrus (Pandya and Kuypers, 1969 lesion 4D; Pandya and Vignolo, 1971 lesion 4B; Pandya and Yeterian, 1985 fig 23C). None of these identifies a region of termination in the superior surface of the posterior temporal lobe (equivalent to planum temporale) (though Pandya and Yeterian [1985] trace projections from inferior frontal gyrus to the insula). One study (Leichnetz, 1989) traces cortico-cortical connections specifically from area 45, but these do not terminate in the relevant region.
Norman Geschwind (1926–1984)
Published in Andrew P. Wickens, Key Thinkers in Neuroscience, 2018
By the mid-1960s, it was clear from split-brain research that the two cerebral hemispheres had different functions. Geschwind also added to this corpus of knowledge. For example, in a 1968 study with Walter Levitsky, he examined 100 human brains at autopsy. This revealed that two-thirds had a larger left-sided planum temporale – a region that includes part of Wernicke’s area (the mean length of the left planum was 3.6 cm and of the right was 2.7 cm). Later, in the 1970s, with Albert Galaburda, Geschwind showed that neural anomalies of the planum temporale were associated with dyslexia. But perhaps most intriguing, collaborating with Peter Behan in London, Geschwind found in a random sample of 500 left-handers and 900 right-handers that dyslexia was much more likely in left-handers – an effect he linked to a higher amount of immune disease. And, more provocatively, he also argued this overall effect could also be explained by the release of higher levels of testosterone during the last trimester of foetal development – a theory that continues to generate much research.
Characterization of functional brain connectivity towards optimization of music selection for therapy: a fMRI study
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2019
Katherine Wu, Jeff Anderson, Jennifer Townsend, Todd Frazier, Anthony Brandt, Christof Karmonik
Using the connectivity software package ‘CONN’ (NITRC, matlab), brains were transferred into MNI space and divided in 132 anatomical distinct regions. Functional connections and their strength (expressed as a t-value from a Student t-test over all subjects, negative and positive) were calculated for all regions for each auditory piece. For further analysis, the following regions were selected: hippocampus, amygdala, superior temporal gyrus, lingual gyrus, supplementary motor area, parahippcampal gyrus, planum temporale, Herschel’s gyrus, superior parietal lobe, cerebellum, anterior cingulate, posterior cingulate, precuneus, insula, superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus. The selection was motivated by the intent to investigate functional connectivity in brain regions that may be evolved in auditory and emotion processing. The total number of functional connections averaged over all subjects for these regions was calculated. The strength of each connection was determined as the sum of t-values taking into account the connections of each brain region with the others in each subject. The relative strength of connections was expressed by the ratio of the sum of the FC strength and the number of connections.
The impact of phonological versus semantic repetition training on generalisation in chronic stroke aphasia reflects differences in dorsal pathway connectivity
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2018
Rachel Holland, Sasha L. Johns, Anna M. Woollams
JS also had left hemisphere damage restricted to the left frontal and anterior insula region (lower panel, Figure 3). Frontal damage extended anteriorly to the middle frontal gyrus affecting the pars orbitalis and triangularis gryi of Broca’s area and posteriorly to the precentral gyrus. In addition, the insula has been mostly damaged with further damage to left subcortical regions including the head of the caudate. The posterior supra-temporal plane, including Heschl’s gyrus were unaffected with the planum temporale largely spared. Measurement of total normalised lesion volume revealed that the extent of DM’s lesion was 11919 voxels; patient JS’s normalised lesion volume was greater at 18445 voxels. However, despite a greater lesion volume, JS’s relative gains in training – identified in the behavioural analyses above – immediately post-therapy for trained items were not significantly different from DM or dependent upon therapy type. Thus the significant interaction between patient and therapy type on generalisation of gains to control items does not seem entirely attributable to differences in the size of the lesion.
To What Extent are Prenatal Androgens Involved in the Development of Male Homosexuality in Humans?
Published in Journal of Homosexuality, 2022
An interesting anatomical difference related to language processing involves the planum temporale and Heschl’s gyrus, two areas of the temporal lobe involved in language processing that are larger in the left hemisphere (Toga & Thompson, 2003). These areas are larger in females bilaterally, while their size is also negatively correlated with fetal testosterone (Lombardo et al., 2012), but no difference has been shown between gay and straight men. Future research could elucidate whether the difference in verbal task performance in gay and straight men has such an anatomical basis.