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Preparing the Patient for the fMRI Study and Optimization of Paradigm Selection and Delivery
Published in Andrei I. Holodny, Functional Neuroimaging, 2019
Figure 2 shows a map of language function in a healthy control subject during an auditory responsive naming language task. (The patient responded to aurally presented questions. Question: “What do you shave with?” Response: “A razor.”). Aside from Wernicke’s area, auditory stimuli will activate the primary auditory cortex, located bilaterally in the transverse temporal gyrus, also known as Heschl’s gyrus. Figure 3 demonstrates similar putative areas during a productive (verb generation) language task. There is significant functional overlap in the areas activated during “targeted” language tasks (targeted to frontal or posterior language systems). This will be discussed in more detail later in the chapter.
Functional Specialization of the Brain (General Theoretical Framework)
Published in Ivanka V. Asenova, Brain Lateralization and Developmental Disorders, 2018
In healthy subjects, a number of structural asymmetries in terms of cortical matter volume, surface area size, cortical thickness or white matter properties have been found (for a review, see [194]). It has been established that in most people the planum temporale in the LH (that roughly corresponds to Wernicke’s area) is typically larger compared to the RH [65, 75, 85, 111, 112, 121, 162, 191]. Similar left-right anatomical asymmetries have been found for Heschl’s gyrus [65, 85, 111, 121], planum parietale [162], Broca’s area [65, 112], pars triangulais [75], pars opercularis (but not in pars triangulais) [4] and hippocampal formation [85].
Explaining how the brain works
Published in Ross Balchin, Rudi Coetzer, Christian Salas, Jan Webster, Addressing Brain Injury in Under-Resourced Settings, 2017
Ross Balchin, Rudi Coetzer, Christian Salas, Jan Webster
The most important region of the temporal lobe in relation to language sits a bit to the rear and is called Wernicke’s area. This region is intimately involved in understanding language. Unsurprisingly, it is well connected to the area that is involved in the processing of sound (hearing) within the temporal lobe, known as Heschl’s gyrus.
Nineteenth- and twentieth-century brain maps relating to locations and constructions of brain functions
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2022
Figure 17 is “a simple diagram of the major structures of the language system” (Benson and Geschwind 1985, 200). The primary auditory input for language goes through Heschl’s gyrus, which is a unimodal area in the primary auditory cortex in the superior gyrus of the temporal lobe next to the higher-order auditory association cortex, which becomes gradually more heteromodal as it stretches caudally toward the highly heteromodal Wernicke’s area (W). In turn, this area is connected to Broca’s area via the arcuate fasciculus, a component of the superior longitudinal fasciculus. Wernicke’s area is also connected with the heteromodal cortex of the angular gyrus (A), which is another essential way station. Not shown here is the contribution of interhemispheric communication via the corpus callosum.
Speech network regional involvement in bulbar ALS: a multimodal structural MRI study
Published in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, 2019
Sanjana Shellikeri, Matthew Myers, Sandra E. Black, Agessandro Abrahao, Lorne Zinman, Yana Yunusova
For the first time, structural changes of the TT, also known as Heschl’s gyrus associated with the primary auditory cortex (PAC) of the SpN, was observed in this study (88,89). The past fMRI and positron emission tomography (PET) studies indicated that the PAC was involved in speech perception (i.e. pitch discrimination, time estimation of auditory stimuli (90,91)) but was also activated during speaking presumably as part of the auditory feedback loop (92,93). Neurostructural changes in this area have not yet been reported in ALS, although functional connectivity alterations underlying the TT have been previously observed (94). Further, auditory processing deficits, specifically delayed auditory latency and pitch discrimination errors, have been previously reported (95). The involvement of the TT suggests that neurodegeneration in ALS goes beyond higher-order frontotemporal cognitive processing areas that are typically reported in ALS cases with overt cognitive deficits (i.e. ALS-FTD (96)) and include lower-order sensory processing areas as well. These observations need to be validated with simultaneous clinical testing of speech, language, and multisensory processing.
The role of music therapy in rehabilitation: improving aphasia and beyond
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2018
Simona Leonardi, Alberto Cacciola, Rosaria De Luca, Bianca Aragona, Veronica Andronaco, Demetrio Milardi, Placido Bramanti, Rocco Salvatore Calabrò
Music processing in the brain is based on pitch (melodic) and time relations. Results emanetig from both lesion studies and neuroimaging techniques support the idea that the different musical elements are processed by different brain areas; for a more exhaustive review, we recommend the reader to read Peretz et al. 2005 [16]. Evidence for functional lateralization come from studies focusing on brain lesions or non-invasive techniques such us EEG, MEG [17]. Pitch relations are computed in the right temporal neocortex, in the antero-lateral part of the Heschl gyrus and in the secondary auditory cortex region. The two main kinds of time relations grouping and regularity are likely to be computed in the right and left hemisphere, respectively [10]. In addition, neuroimaging studies have shown that both cerebellum and basal ganglia contribute to motor and perceptual timing [18]. Medial and lateral cerebellum areas are likely to be involved in different timing features, since lesions involving lateral cerebellar regions lead to perceptual time impairments, while lesions to medial cerebellum alter the timing variability associated with the motor response [18,22].