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Prosopagnosia
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
The difference between the two types of prosopagnosia that I have mentioned seems to lie in a brain region called the fusiform gyrus, located in the temporal lobe. In people with acquired prosopagnosia, this region is physically and permanently damaged (Barton, 2008). In people with developmental prosopagnosia, research suggests that this brain region has fewer brain cells, leading to a diminished face recognition ability (Garrido et al., 2009). To be a bit more specific, there are at least three different regions of the brain that respond to faces—sometimes called the fusiform face area, the occipital face area, and the face-selective superior temporal sulcus—and when a person looks at faces, those regions respond in somewhat different ways, showing that they have different jobs in the process of face identification (Liu et al., 2010). On average, damage to the right-side fusiform area is more likely to cause prosopagnosia than damage to the left-side fusiform area, and the evidence suggests that there are variants of prosopagnosia depending on the specific location of the damage, such as whether or not it's more of a vision or more of a memory issue (Albonico & Barton, 2019). That may sound straightforward, but trust me, it is not. While most researchers agree that damage to those brain regions, especially the fusiform gyrus, can lead to prosopagnosia, researchers certainly do not agree about the boundaries of the condition. That is: what exactly is prosopagnosia?
The patient with acute neurological problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
The surface of each hemisphere has multiple folds called gyri, which increase the surface area of the brain (see Figure 9.9). The deep grooves between the gyri are called fissures. The shallower grooves are called sulci. The two hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum, which is a band of white matter filled with axons running between the hemispheres.
Review of the Human Brain and EEG Signals
Published in Teodiano Freire Bastos-Filho, Introduction to Non-Invasive EEG-Based Brain–Computer Interfaces for Assistive Technologies, 2020
Alessandro Botti Benevides, Alan Silva da Paz Floriano, Mario Sarcinelli-Filho, Teodiano Freire Bastos-Filho
The brain surface is composed of numerous circumvolutions, which are the evolutionary result of the brain’s attempt to increase its cortical area, being confined to the skull. The protrusions are called gyri, and the grooves are called sulci; very deep sulci are called fissures. The exact pattern of gyri and sulci may vary considerably from individual to individual, but many features are common to all human brains.
Twelve tips for teaching neuroanatomy, from the medical students’ perspective
Published in Medical Teacher, 2023
Sanskrithi Sravanam, Chloë Jacklin, Eoghan McNelis, Kwan Wai Fung, Lucy Xu
Facing the sheer volume of neuroanatomy, we recommend that students obtain a strong grasp of the basic structures and conceptual framework before attempting the intricacies; students can then continue to build on their knowledge and confidence as they progress through the course. By omitting the complicated details initially, students seem to retain and recall core concepts more readily (Chang and An Moln 2019). Start with the key terms for describing the anatomical axes of the brain, i.e., dorsal/ventral, cranial/caudal, as these are fundamental for learning anatomy in 3 dimensions. Following this, teach the names of the lobes and their major functions to introduce the concept of cortical localisation. Naming the main sulci and gyri will aid the process of distinguishing the lobes of the brain. It is worth pointing out the stand-out features of the cerebellum at this point too, i.e., the hemispheres and the vermis.
Training flexible conceptual retrieval in post-stroke aphasia
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2022
Sara Stampacchia, Glyn P. Hallam, Hannah E. Thompson, Upasana Nathaniel, Lucilla Lanzoni, Jonathan Smallwood, Matthew A. Lambon Ralph, Elizabeth Jefferies
MRI scans were traced onto standardized templates (Damasio & Damasio, 1989) and lesion identification was manually performed (see Table 2 and Figure 1 for lesion overlay). All eleven patients had lesions affecting the left posterior LIFG; in eight cases this damage extended to mid-to-anterior LIFG. Parietal regions (supramarginal gyrus and/or angular gyrus) were also affected in 9 cases out of 11, and pMTG was affected in all but four cases. While there was some damage to ATL in 4 patients (SD, KQ, KA, VN), the ventral portion of ATL, which has been implicated in conceptual representation across modalities (Binney et al., 2012; Visser et al., 2012), was intact in all cases. This region is supplied by both the anterior temporal cortical artery of the middle cerebral artery and the anterior temporal branch of the distal posterior cerebral artery, reducing its vulnerability to stroke (Borden, 2006; Conn, 2008; Phan et al., 2005). The hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus were intact in all patients.
Resting state functional brain imaging in obsessive-compulsive disorder across genders
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2022
Yinzhu Ma, Qing Zhao, Tingting Xu, Pei Wang, Qiumeng Gu, Zhen Wang
The right parahippocampal gyrus was the brain region which differed the most between mOCD and fOCD patients in our present study. This brain region is the part of the limbic system located in the medial side of the occipital and temporal lobes. Since the parahippocampal gyrus is the main cortical input of the hippocampus, structural or functional damage can lead to emotional and cognitive dysfunction (Jung et al. 2017). Functional and structural studies have shown that there may be pathological changes in the right parahippocampal gyrus in OCD. Zhao et al. (2017) explored the differences in ALFF between OCD patients and HCs before and after cognitive-coping therapy (CCT) and pharmacotherapy and CCT, demonstrating that the ALFF value of OCD subjects in the parahippocampal gyrus increased before treatment, and disappeared after treatment. Yang et al.’s (2019) study on abnormal regional homogeneity (REHO) values in OCD patients showed that their REHO values in the right parahippocampal gyrus were decreased compared with those of HCs. Studies on brain structure have also found abnormal changes in this brain region in patients with OCD. Tang et al.’s (2015) voxel-based morphometry study of OCD participants found increased grey matter volume in the right parahippocampal gyrus. Using these studies as a guide, our study further verified the changes in the right parahippocampal gyrus in patients with OCD of different genders, while also demonstrating novel brain regions to investigate functional changes in OCD.