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Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
MRI is the imaging modality of choice for delineating the extent of disease in the skull base. CT is useful in detecting cortical bone erosion in the skull base but cannot often differentiate between normal structures and tumour invasion in the skull base. PET CT is a useful adjunct to delineate the extent of disease, nodal metastasis, and distant metastasis.
Cranial Neuropathies I, V, and VII–XII
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Suspected intracranial lesion: MRI and CT scan of brain and base of skull.CT or MR angiography to evaluate for vascular lesions.CSF examination.Suspected extracranial lesion: Direct examination of the nasopharynx/larynx.MRI or CT of the soft tissues of the neck.
Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Mammalian Eye
Published in David W. Hobson, Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
The type of orbit, complete or incomplete, does not necessarily indicate the placement of the eyes within the orbit or the optic axis. For example, the angle between the two eyes in humans and cats is 0 to 20°, humans having a complete and cats an incomplete orbit. In contradistinction, horses have a complete orbit and an optic axis of 70 to 80° and rats have an incomplete orbit and an optic axis of 120 to 130°. The angle of the two orbits differ within species as well. Skull types result in variation of optic axis, as exemplified in dogs with dolicocephalic (elongated noses) contrasted with brachyocephalic (short noses) skull types. The dolicocephalic skull has a more lateral orbital placement while the brachyocephalic animal has an anterior placement. The theory that the hunting animal (dog) has a more anterior ocular placement than the hunted (i.e., rabbit) does not seem completely appropriate when looking at the greyhound, which is reportedly a “sight hound”, with marked lateral placement of its eyes. Lateral placement provides a greater panoramic view for the animal, while anterior placement provides more binocular (stereoscopic) vision. The primate and feline are the most appropriate examples of anterior placement.
Genotype-phenotype associations in paragangliomas of the temporal bone in a multi-ethnic cohort
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2023
Simon I. Angeli, Juan A. Chiossone K, Stefania Goncalves, Fred F. Telischi
Patients underwent a complete history including family history and review of systems, followed by a physical examination of the head and neck, including vital signs, otomicroscopy and cranial nerve examination. All patients underwent audiometry. Patients with GJ paraganglioma underwent flexible laryngoscopy. Imaging studies included high-resolution CT scans of the skull base (CT) and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the head and neck (MRI). All GJ patients also underwent PET/CT Gallium68 DOTATATE full body scintigraphy, and catecholamine screening by 24-urinary metanephrine, normetanephrine, and 3-methoxytyramine assay. Cases were discussed at a multidisciplinary conference that included specialists from otolaryngology-head and neck surgery, neurosurgery, radiation oncology, pathology, diagnostic radiology, interventional radiology, and endocrine medicine for management recommendations.
A position- and time-dependent pressure profile to model viscoelastic mechanical behavior of the brain tissue due to tumor growth
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Fatemeh Abdolkarimzadeh, Mohammad Reza Ashory, Ahmad Ghasemi-Ghalebahman, Alireza Karimi
The brain and the skull were segmented using Mimics (Materialise Inc., Belgium) and the surface meshes were thereafter volume meshed with 10-noded tetrahedral elements (Karimi et al. 2021a; 2021b; 2021c), as the 10-noded tetrahedral elements have been resulted the same precision as 20-noded hexahedral elements at considerably a lower computational cost (Karimi et al. 2021b). The FE models of brains after tumor removal from the isometric and top views are presented in Figure 2. The FE models of the brain #11 and #12 were made of 395,274/550,554 and 144,138/216,166 elements/nodes, respectively. Mesh quality assessment (Ansys, Canonsburg, PA, US) and mesh density analysis (Ansys/LST, Canonsburg, PA, US) were performed to first check the quality of the mesh and then estimate the errors because of element numbers (data are not reported here) (Karimi et al. 2021b). The skull is not represented herein since it would hinder us showing the resultant cavity in the brain due to tumor removal as well as the anatomical location and size of the tumor.
Craniofacial and traumatic brain injuries in mixed martial arts
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2021
Mohamad Y. Fares, Hamza A. Salhab, Jawad Fares, Hussein H. Khachfe, Youssef Fares, Hasan Baydoun, Joseph A. Abboud, Nada Alaaeddine
Head injuries were further categorized according to type. According to the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS), a traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as a blow to the head that disrupts a person’s normal brain function [13]. Symptoms depend on the extent of the injury and can vary from a brief change in mental state to a total loss of consciousness, coma, or even death. As stated before, a KO occurs when a fighter experiences a total loss of consciousness, and a TKO occurs when the fighter experiences an impaired consciousness that prevents him/her from defending properly. According to these definitions, we considered any of these three situations to constitute a TBI: 1) when a TKO/KO finish occurs due to head strikes, 2) when the fighter’s consciousness appears visibly impaired, or 3) when a brain MRI is required for post-fight evaluation due to repetitive head strikes [13,14]. On the other hand, injuries that affected the face or the cranium were considered craniofacial injuries, and those included ‘Lacerations’, ‘Fractures’ or ‘Other’. ‘Lacerations’ were defined as any head injury that resulted in cuts, lacerations or abrasions. ‘Fractures’ were defined as any recorded fracture injury that involved the nose, orbital bone, jaw, or skull. ‘Other’ injuries were defined as those that were not ‘TBI’, ‘lacerations’ or fractures.