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Facial anatomy
Published in Michael Parker, Charlie James, Fundamentals for Cosmetic Practice, 2022
The frontal bone is the bone of the forehead and is formed of two distinct parts: the squamous part, which is the flat piece of bone which makes up the forehead, and an orbital part, which comprises the roof and medial aspect of the eye socket. The frontal bone technically has 12 bony articulations; with the four primary facial articulations as follows: Superiorly: Parietal boneLaterally: ZygomaInferiorly: MaxillaMedially: Lacrimal bone
Biomechanics of primary traumatic head injury
Published in Helen Whitwell, Christopher Milroy, Daniel du Plessis, Forensic Neuropathology, 2021
Adult head impact experiments have established that relatively high contact forces and large linear accelerations increase stress (F/A) in the skull bone and, therefore, the risk of skull fracture. Relative fracture tolerances have been demonstrated between regions of the skull, for example a study by Mertz et al. (1997) estimated a 5 per cent risk of skull fractures at a peak acceleration of 180g and a 40 per cent risk of fractures at 250g. Frontal bone fractures are associated with forces of 4.8–5.8 kN and temporoparietal fractures 3.5–3.6 kN (Nahum et al. 1968; Allsop et al. 1988; Schneider and Nahum 1972).
Anatomy of the Forehead and Periocular Region
Published in Neil S. Sadick, Illustrated Manual of Injectable Fillers, 2020
Marcelo B. Antunes, Stephen A. Goldstein
The skeletal support for the upper third of the face is composed primarily of the frontal bone and a portion of the temporal bone laterally. The frontal bone has two components, the vertical squama portion and the horizontal orbital portion. The squama corresponds to the forehead and most commonly has a gentle convexity. This portion of the frontal bone is relatively thick, providing strength and protection for the cranial vault. Superiorly, there are two elevated areas named the frontal eminence. Frontal eminence asymmetry can disturb the vertical balance of the face. Inferiorly, separated by a slight groove, are two more prominent elevations called the superciliary arches. These are joined in the midline by the glabella. These arches are more prominent in men. At the inferior portion of the squama is the supraorbital margin. This is the boundary between the squama portion and the orbital portion of the frontal bone. At the junction of the middle and medial thirds of this arch, is the supraorbital foramen (or notch), which houses the supraorbital nerve. A small percentage of people have an accessory foramen 1–2 cm above the orbital rim (2). The orbit is composed of seven bones. For the purpose of facial aging and rejuvenation, only the bones creating the orbital rim have relevance. These are the frontal bone superiorly, maxillary bone inferiorly and medially, and the zygomatic bone laterally.
Maxillofacial trauma and ocular injuries: reports from a prospective study from Pondicherry, India
Published in Orbit, 2022
Shravya Choudhary Balla, Kirti Nath Jha, Sathyanarayanan Ramanujam, Krishnagopal Srikanth, Adithyapuram Ramachandran Rajalakshmi
Among fractures ZMC fractures were associated with higher (14–41%) ocular complications. Among ZMC fractures 16.6% had vision-threatening (TON, traumatic uveitis, corneal abrasions) ocular injuries. Other authors report very higher incidence (61%) of ocular injuries in ZMC fractures.1,4,5,9–11,13 Among frontal bone fractures, 52.9% had injuries to the globe; three (17.6%) suffered blinding complications (traumatic optic neuropathy, traumatic uveitis) whereas other 3 had adnexal injuries. Mittal et al. reported frontal bone fracture in 3.6% of cases compared to 13.4% among our cases. However, among their five cases with frontal bone fractures, three suffered severe complications.1 A minority (6.7%) of our patients, cases of naso-orbital-ethmoid (NOE) fractures, suffered severe blinding complications (commotio retinae, vitreous haemorrhage, and traumatic optic neuropathy). Mittal et al. reported nasal fractures in 2.9%. They make no mention of associated visual impairment.1 In our study seven cases of orbital floor fractures were associated with mild ophthalmic injuries. Whereas in a retrospective analysis over 4 years from United States, author reported that 40% of inpatient admissions occurred due to orbital floor fractures.14 Mohanavalli et al. report orbital fractures (floor, medial/lateral wall of orbit, and superior orbital rim) in 13.9%.9 They made no mention of associated eye injuries. In a retrospective study, Iftikhar M et al. reported higher proportion (40%) of orbital floor fractures.14
Neurosurgical trauma from E-Scooter usage: a review of early case series in London and a review of the literature
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2022
Sami Rashed, Anna Vassiliou, James Barber
These case series and the wider literature demonstrate the breadth and severity of neurosurgical trauma related to E-scooter usage documented thus far. In terms of cranial trauma, we see head injuries are frequently cited in the literature and often recorded as the most frequently injured body region with mild head injury/concussion accounting for the greatest proportion of these.10,34,35 However, it is also apparent that a significant amount of head injuries reflect more severe pathologies with ICH representing around 15% of head injuries, of which tSAH was the most common. Skull fractures were also seen in around 15% of the head injury population with skull base and frontal bone fractures the most commonly cited. Spinal trauma appears to occur less frequently than head injuries however a wide range of spinal pathologies from E-scooter usage is seen including acute vertebral compression fractures, central cord syndromes, spinal contusions, and ligamentous injuries. Concordantly the level of intervention required for these injuries is varied between simple wound closures, brace fitting, and neurological observations to immediate neurosurgery, protracted stays in the ITU, and 6 mortalities. Two mortalities were assigned to TBI and one to an occipital bone fracture in the literature.
Chronic rhinosinusitis complicated by intracranial suppuration
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica Case Reports, 2021
Linnea Chika Kristensen Ejiofor, Christian von Buchwald, Mikkel Christian Alanin
Nearly 9 years after his initial admittance the patient was seen in the clinic to assess any development in his CRS. In this context, the patient was invited for a clinical control and CT scan. The patient experienced no neurologic sequelae and reported only occasional mild frontal headache, and nasal discharge. On examination, the nasal mucosa was moderately swollen, and the right frontal recess was narrow with only limited access. The follow-up sinus CT (Figure 3) showed stationary conditions with multiple rather large isolated sinus isles in the frontal bone. A moderate mucosal thickness was found in the right maxillary sinus, the left ethmoid sinus, and both frontal sinuses. It was concluded that it would require comprehensive surgery and bone drilling to reach the isolated sinuses and since the patients’ symptoms of CRS were well controlled, they were not addressed surgically. The patient is still followed in the outpatient clinic and remain well controlled.