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Chemosensory Disorders and Nutrition
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
Carl M. Wahlstrom, Alan R. Hirsch, Bradley W. Whitman
Head injury is a common cause of olfactory defects and can occur from trauma as minimal as “heading” a soccer ball (Custer, Raudenbush, Robinson, Schlegel, and Moore 2014). Many possible mechanisms have been suggested (Hirsch and Wyse 1993). One is that acceleration injury produces shearing forces on the olfactory nerves as they pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. Fracture of the cribriform plate may compress the olfactory nerves or a hematoma may compress them, thereby impairing olfaction. Another theory suggests that the primary insult in trauma is the destruction of central connection pathways of olfaction (Levin, High, and Eisenberg 1985).
Dorsum Surgery
Published in Suleyman Tas, Rhinoplasty in Practice, 2022
In the let down technique, the septum is separated from just beneath the dorsum. However, this process is a transection and is irremediable, and thus should be performed with great care. During this process, the upper lateral cartilages can easily be torn and damaged due to the movement of the scissors if the bone roof is too narrow; the use of correct instruments is crucial. Thin-angled concha and bone scissors are preferred to prevent these complications. After incising the cartilage, the ethmoid bone should also be incised. This stage is the least controllable but the most important of this technique. If the ethmoid bone is not incised from as high as possible and does not meet the radix osteotomy as soon as possible, the radix descends too much and causes severe complications that are difficult to repair. The upper part of the ethmoid bone is thicker, thinning towards the inferior and thickening again towards the front wall of the sphenoid sinus. Therefore, if the ethmoid is incised from the middle part where it is the thinnest, the remaining thin ethmoid piece will not provide enough support and during the radix osteotomy the radix will drop so low that it cannot be controlled. This point is quite critical. A frontal protrusion as thick as possible should be left so that the radix does not drop uncontrollably and the remaining crista is able to carry the nose.
Anatomy of the head and neck
Published in Helen Whitwell, Christopher Milroy, Daniel du Plessis, Forensic Neuropathology, 2021
The paranasal sinuses are air-filled extensions of the nasal cavity within the frontal, maxillary, sphenoid and ethmoid bones and are named according to each bone. The ethmoidal sinuses consist of ethmoidal cells located within the ethmoid bone between the orbit and nose. The sphenoid air sinuses are unevenly divided like the frontal air sinuses and separated by a bony septum. They occupy the body of the sphenoid bone and are separated by thin bone from the optic chiasma, the pituitary gland, the internal carotid arteries and the cavernous sinuses.
Nanotechnologies for intranasal drug delivery: an update of literature
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2021
Rosamaria Lombardo, Teresa Musumeci, Claudia Carbone, Rosario Pignatello
The skin that covers the cartilage has a lot of sebaceous glands, while the nostrils, which are the interior part of the nose and the first part of the nose cavity, are covered by mucosa. The name of this part, which constitutes the interior part of the nose, is vestibule. Inside the nose there are the olfactory region, formed by olfactory cells, and the respiratory region which is covered by pseudostratified ciliate epithelium, where also there are caliciform mucipar cells secreting mucus. The ethmoid bone, which constitutes the internal nose, has horizontal position and a flat shape where resides the cribriform lamina which separates the nasal cavity from the brain. This latter has some perforations, called foramina, through which the olfactory nerve (first cranial nerves) passes to arrive to the nasal cavity. As the nerve is not protected by BBB and by the white substance of Schwann, this is the only site of our body where the CNS is in direct contact with the external environment (Gizurarson 2012).
The Endoscopic Transnasal Approach to Orbital Tumors: A Review
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2021
Edith R. Reshef, Benjamin S. Bleier, Suzanne K. Freitag
The orbital surgeon should be familiar with the pertinent anatomy of the sinonasal cavity. The superior aspect of the nasal cavity has been separated from the orbit by the adjacent anterior and posterior ethmoid sinuses, which drain to the middle and superior meatus, respectively, and by the lamina papyracea, derived from the ethmoid bone to form a large portion of the medial wall of the orbit. The anterior and posterior ethmoids are divided by the basal lamella of the middle turbinate. The sphenoid sinuses lie posterior to the nasal cavity, communicating via the sphenoethmoidal recess. The basal lamella of the superior turbinate separates the sphenoid ostia from the posterior ethmoid sinuses. Inferior to the orbit and lateral to the nasal cavity lies the maxillary sinus, which drains to the middle meatus via the maxillary ostium (Figure 1).
Nano-lipidic formulation and therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer’s disease via intranasal route
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2021
Shourya Tripathi, Ujala Gupta, Rewati Raman Ujjwal, Awesh K. Yadav
The olfactory mucosa has supplies of olfactory receptor neurons. On reaching the olfactory region, the therapeutics interplay along nerve endings of olfactory receptor neurons and thus gets transported to the CNS through the olfactory neurons. The nerve bundle enters the olfactory bulb through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. The major transport pathways involved in the passage of therapeutic cargos are transcellular or paracellular transport. The drug molecule is delivered to the olfactory bulb and CSF via the olfactory nerves. Moreover, the drug is conveyed to different brain regions post mingling with interstitial fluids (Giunchedi et al.2020, Ul Islam et al.2020).