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Staging of Head and Neck Cancer
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
The anatomical sites and subsites are: Nasal cavity: SeptumFloorLateral wallVestibuleMaxillary sinusEthmoid sinus
Rhinitis
Published in Pudupakkam K Vedanthan, Harold S Nelson, Shripad N Agashe, PA Mahesh, Rohit Katial, Textbook of Allergy for the Clinician, 2021
Vinay Mehta, Srinivasan Ramanuja, Pramod S Kelkar
The internal ostium is the entrance to the nasal cavity. The turbinates (inferior, middle and superior) are located laterally and lined with pseudostratified columnar respiratory epithelium. They are important in air filtration and air conditioning. The nasal septum, which forms the medial wall of the nasal cavity, divides the nose into two nostrils, and is composed of membranous, cartilaginous and bony components.
Cranial Neuropathies I, V, and VII–XII
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Nerve fibers mediating the sense of smell have their cells of origin in the mucous membranes of the upper and posterior parts of the nasal cavity. The olfactory mucosa contains three types of cells (Figure 21.1): Olfactory or receptor cells.Sustentacular or supporting cells.Basal cells, which are stem cells and the source of both olfactory (receptor) cells and sustentacular cells during regeneration.
Intranasal trigeminal function in chronic rhinosinusitis: a review
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2023
Anna Kristina Hernandez, Thomas Hummel
Various theories have been suggested to explain nasal obstruction in CRS. One factor proposed was mucosal cooling, which involves an interaction between the temperature and humidity of inspired air and the structures inside the nasal cavity [56,57]. In CRS patients, the presence of mucosal edema can lead to limited surface area available for heat exchange. The combination of both impaired trigeminal function and morphologic changes in the nasal cavity leading to altered mucosal cooling [57] has been proposed to explain the perception of nasal obstruction in CRS [21]. Another factor identified was the transient receptor potential subfamily M member 8 (TRPM8), a cation channel that is activated by cold temperatures and sensitized, for example, by menthol (a mixed olfactory-trigeminal stimulus) [58]. Activation of TRP channels has been proposed to cause substance P (SP), nerve growth factor (NGF), neurokinins A and B (NKA/B), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and acetylcholine release in the nasal mucosa, leading to vasodilation and mucus secretion that can subsequently lead to a perception of nasal congestion [59–61]. It was also proposed that a reduction in TRPM8’s sensitivity to cold temperatures may lead to impaired airflow detection [21,22].
Nasal floor augmentation for empty nose syndrome
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica Case Reports, 2022
Munetaka Ushio, Junko Ishimaru, Sayaka Omura, Yasushi Ohta, Mitsuya Suzuki
First, nasal floor augmentation involves very easy manipulations. Furthermore, we believe that augmentation for the reduced inferior nasal turbinate is more physiological and ideal for correcting the nasal cavity closer to its normal shape. In ENS, however, the inferior nasal turbinate and, in many cases, the nasal septum have undergone treatment in the previous surgeries. After surgical manipulation, the nasal mucosa becomes hard and difficult to stretch. Moreover, an excessively reduced inferior nasal turbinate contains limited space for augmentation between the nasal mucosa and the bone, and the mucosa of the left and right sides of the corrected nasal septum may be tightly adhered. These postoperative changes complicate implantation of autologous or artificial materials, and the materials could be exposed or evacuated as a result. On the other hand, nasal floor augmentation can be performed in a series of easy steps, i.e. removing some pieces of the auricular cartilage, incising the anterior nasal floor, creating the mucosal flap from the bony nasal floor, stacking the pieces of the cartilage, and suturing the incision. In addition, a previously unoperated nasal floor is relatively flexible and unbreakable and unlikely to expose the implanted cartilage pieces. Furthermore, augmentation of the lateral wall of the inferior nasal meatus may result in nasolacrimal duct obstruction. On the other hand, no such concerns are associated with nasal floor augmentation, unless the floor is stacked with a very large number of cartilage pieces.
Analyses on the influence of normal nasal morphological variations on odorant transport to the olfactory cleft
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2022
Ryan M. Sicard, Reanna Shah, Dennis O. Frank-Ito
Olfaction is the sensation arising from the nasal cavity following stimulation of the olfactory receptors by odorant molecules. Olfactory dysfunction is characterized by reduced or absent sense of smell, ranging from hyposmia to anosmia (Guss et al. 2009). While olfactory perception is effective when the combination of sensorineural components and conductive factors function properly, the role of conductive factors (respiratory effort and nasal anatomical structure) in olfaction has been given less attention. The nasal cavity plays an essential role in odor perception, which consists of the transportation of volatile chemical molecules via airflow to the olfactory receptors (Zhao et al. 2004). In order to completely understand human olfaction, it is crucial to gain knowledge of the airflow patterns in the human nasal cavity and quantify the transport of odorant-laden air to the olfactory region.