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Motor Function and ControlDescending Tracts
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
As the flocculonodular lobe is connected to the vestibular nucleus, it is associated with the control of balance. The anterior lobe receives input from the spinocerebellar tracts and is responsible for controlling the tone of muscles maintaining posture and equilibrium. The posterior lobe is connected to the cerebral cortex and controls and coordinates motor function.
Encephalitis and Its Mimics in the Critical Care Unit
Published in Cheston B. Cunha, Burke A. Cunha, Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Critical Care Medicine, 2020
Differentiating between such encephalopathies and primary brain processes involves two key elements. From the systemic perspective, identification of a specific underlying medical abnormality is key. Neurologically, it is essential to establish whether the observed changes are focal or not—brain disorders resulting from localized damage to the brain cause abnormalities of function related to the site of damage. Damage to the cerebral cortex can cause seizures, an altered level of consciousness and cognitive difficulty. Damage to the deep white matter causes spasticity, ataxia, visual, and sensory problems but not seizures and has a less severe impact on alertness and cognition. Damage to the brainstem can affect level of consciousness, long tracts that pass through the brainstem, and, important diagnostically, cranial nerve function.
Computational Neuroscience and Compartmental Modeling
Published in Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel, Electrical Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders, 2019
Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel
Figure 3.5 illustrates the parts of a nerve cell or neuron. Each neuron consists of a cell body, or soma, that contains a cell nucleus. Branching out from the cell body are a number of fibers called dendrites and a single long fiber called the axon. The axon stretches out for a long distance, much longer than the scale in this diagram indicates. Typically, an axon is 1 cm long (100 times the diameter of the cell body) but can reach up to 1 meter. A neuron makes connections with 10 to 100,000 other neurons at junctions called synapses. Signals are propagated from neuron to neuron by a complicated electrochemical reaction. The signals control brain activity in the short term and also enable long-term changes in the connectivity of neurons. These mechanisms are thought to form the basis for learning in the brain. Most information processing goes on in the cerebral cortex, the outer layer of the brain. The basic organizational unit appears to be a column of tissue about 0.5 mm in diameter, containing about 20,000 neurons and extending the full depth of the cortex about 4 mm in humans).38
Assessing lesion location, visual midline perception and proprioception may assist outcome predictions for people affected by lateropulsion
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2023
Unlike the vestibular and proprioceptive systems, inputs from the eyes do not reach the medulla or pons. Instead, visual inputs travel via the optic tract mostly to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, and from there to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe [9]. From the primary visual cortex, visual inputs undergo multimodal processing in the dorsal (for spatial location) and ventral (for object recognition) streams [9]. Of particular interest is the dorsal stream which terminates in the inferior parietal lobe, the cortical destination of proprioceptive and vestibular inputs. Due to the segregation of the visual system, the inferior parietal lobe is the only cerebral cortex where sensory integration of inputs from all three modalities takes place. In addition, the non-dominant inferior parietal lobe plays a pivotal role in multimodal sensory processing related to spatial location, thus it may be a key cortical region to consider in relation to lateropulsion.
Sex specific effect of gut microbiota on the risk of psychiatric disorders: A Mendelian randomisation study and PRS analysis using UK Biobank cohort
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2021
Xin Qi, Fanglin Guan, Shiqiang Cheng, Yan Wen, Li Liu, Mei Ma, Bolun Cheng, Chujun Liang, Lu Zhang, Xiao Liang, Ping Li, Xiaomeng Chu, Jing Ye, Yao Yao, Feng Zhang
Brain is recognised as the centre of nervous system in humans. Brain function is controlled and realised through interconnecting neurons arranged in cerebral cortex and deep brain nuclei (Larvie and Fischl 2016). Psychiatric disorders are a group of syndromes affecting mood, thinking and behaviour of individuals, such as bipolar disorders, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders and major depressive disorders (MDD). Neurological disorders are the dysfunction of nerve system, such as Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, and Parkinson’s disease. The previous literatures suggested that genetic factors have a vital role in aetiology of psychiatric disorders and neurological disorders (Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics et al. 2013; Han et al. 2014). 29.2% and 6% of population were discovered to show psychiatric disorder and neurological disorder, respectively, which were higher than other common diseases (MacDonald et al. 2000; Steel et al. 2014). Neurological disorders displayed a component of 6.3% to global burden of disease, and psychiatric and neurological disorders cause a substantial and heavy financial and medical burden to patients and caregivers (OWH 2010; Sagar et al. 2020).
Re-conceptualizing postural control assessment in sport-related concussion: Transitioning from the reflex/hierarchical model to the systems model
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2021
Thaer S. Manaseer, Douglas P. Gross, Martin Mrazik, Kathryn Schneider, Jackie L. Whittaker
According to the Reflex/Hierarchical Model, postural control is a simple skill that is controlled by one neurophysiological system (Horak, 2006). The system consists of afferent pathways, the central nervous system, and efferent pathways (Guskiewicz, 2011). Specifically, afferent pathways carry sensory cues from the visual, vestibular, and somatosensory mechanisms to the central nervous system. The central nervous system (i.e. cerebral cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia, brainstem, and spinal cord) processes and hierarchically integrates the sensory cues. The spinal cord represents the lowest level of the hierarchy and is involved in the initial processing of somatosensory information, and the reflex and voluntary control of posture through the motor neurons (Shumway-Cook and Woollacott, 2007). Feedback based on the processed sensory cues travels along the efferent pathway to different muscles responsible for postural control and directs them to contract appropriately (Guskiewicz, 2011).