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The nervous system and the eye
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
James A.R. Nicoll, William Stewart, Fiona Roberts
The main sensory cortex lies behind the central sulcus and has a similar topography and representation to the motor cortex. Symptoms and signs of parietal lobe disease include: Contralateral disturbance of cortical sensationDominant lobe involvement which may result in acalculia, dysgraphia and dyslexiaNon-dominant lobe involvement which may result in loss of spatial orientation and body image
Biological Basis of Behavior
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
The parietal lobe is located above the occipital lobe of the brain and behind the frontal lobe. The parietal lobe is divided into three parts: (1) the postcentral gyrus; (2) the superior parietal lobule; and (3) the inferior parietal lobule. The postcentral gyrus receives sensory input from the contralateral half of the body. The sequential representation is the same as in the primary motor area, with upside-down reversal of sensations: the head is represented in inferior parts of the gyrus and sensations from the lower extremities are represented in superior portions. The primary somatosensory cortex, located in the postcentral gyrus, integrates somesthetic stimuli for recognition and recall of form, texture, and weight. The primary somatosensory cortex on one side receives all the somatosensory input from the contralateral side of the body. Lesions of the postcentral gyrus can cause difficulty in recognizing objects by touch (astereognosis). The superior parietal lobule is regarded as an association cortex. The inferior parietal lobule (composed of the angular and supramarginal gyri) is a cortical region involved with the integration of multiple sensory signals (K. Rogers, 2011).
Cellular and Molecular Basis of Human Biology
Published in Lawrence S. Chan, William C. Tang, Engineering-Medicine, 2019
This includes the brain and spinal cord. It has in many components, including the brain itself (cerebral cortex, cerebellum, diencephalon), brain stem, and spinal cord. The brain cerebral cortex is further divided into several lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal, each of which has special controls of body functions (Reece et al. 2014). Frontal lobe: Controlling speech, decision making, and skeletal muscle motion.Parietal lobe: Controlling sensory functions.Occipital lobe: Controlling vision (image and object recognition).Temporal lobe: Controlling auditory functions (hearing).
Assessing lesion location, visual midline perception and proprioception may assist outcome predictions for people affected by lateropulsion
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2023
Unlike the vestibular and proprioceptive systems, inputs from the eyes do not reach the medulla or pons. Instead, visual inputs travel via the optic tract mostly to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, and from there to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe [9]. From the primary visual cortex, visual inputs undergo multimodal processing in the dorsal (for spatial location) and ventral (for object recognition) streams [9]. Of particular interest is the dorsal stream which terminates in the inferior parietal lobe, the cortical destination of proprioceptive and vestibular inputs. Due to the segregation of the visual system, the inferior parietal lobe is the only cerebral cortex where sensory integration of inputs from all three modalities takes place. In addition, the non-dominant inferior parietal lobe plays a pivotal role in multimodal sensory processing related to spatial location, thus it may be a key cortical region to consider in relation to lateropulsion.
Posterior cortical atrophy: clinical, neuroimaging, and neuropathological features
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2023
John Best, Marianne Chapleau, Gil D. Rabinovici
The purpose of this review is to provide readers with an overview of Posterior Cortical Atrophy syndrome, including clinical, imaging, pathological, and genetic features, and treatments. Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a term first introduced by Frank Benson and colleagues in 1988 [1]. Benson’s original case series described five patients with early and prominent visual dysfunction, including alexia and visual agnosia. The patients all developed progressive visuospatial and navigational dysfunction (environmental agnosia) with preserved visual acuity. Eventually, most parietal lobe functions were affected, though memory was notably spared until late disease stages. Atrophy of posterior association cortices was noted on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Benson hypothesized that this newly described dementia syndrome represented an atypical presentation of Alzheimer’s disease, Pick’s disease, or possibly a novel clinicopathological entity.
tDCS effects on task-related activation and working memory performance in traumatic brain injury: A within group randomized controlled trial
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2021
Jacqueline A. Rushby, Frances M. De Blasio, Jodie A. Logan, Travis Wearne, Emma Kornfeld, Emily Jane Wilson, Colleen Loo, Donel Martin, Skye McDonald
Exploratory two-step cluster analyses suggested that, for the 1-back task, most participants (n = 23) did not change with active tDCS, two improved and five performed more poorly. With 2-back, 27 showed no change while for three there was some suggestion of improvement. There was no difference between responders (i.e., those who improved) and non-responders (i.e., those with no change or who worsened) on clinical or demographic characteristics, nor on their performance on 1-back and 2-back during sham or their neuropsychological test scores. The four participants who had depressed working memory scores on Digit Span initially, were represented in all three clusters for 1-back and both clusters for 2-back. Ten participants had brain scans that implicated parietal lobe pathology. These ten participants were distributed across all three clusters for 1-back and were all among the non-responders for two-back.