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Anatomy of the head and neck
Published in Helen Whitwell, Christopher Milroy, Daniel du Plessis, Forensic Neuropathology, 2021
Each cerebral hemisphere is subdivided into regions, or lobes, named after the overlying cranial bones. On each hemisphere, the deep groove of the central sulcus divides the anterior frontal lobe from the posterior parietal lobe. The lateral surface of the frontal lobe comprises the precentral gyrus with the precentral sulcus in front. The inferior surface is marked by orbital gyri and is in direct contact with the forward extending olfactory tract and bulb.
The patient with acute neurological problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
The cerebral cortex processes sensory, motor and integrated signals. The central sulcus is an important area of the cerebral cortex, because it separates the primary somatosensory area from the primary motor area in each hemisphere (see Figure 9.11).
The nervous system and the eye
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
James A.R. Nicoll, William Stewart, Fiona Roberts
The main sensory cortex lies behind the central sulcus and has a similar topography and representation to the motor cortex. Symptoms and signs of parietal lobe disease include: Contralateral disturbance of cortical sensationDominant lobe involvement which may result in acalculia, dysgraphia and dyslexiaNon-dominant lobe involvement which may result in loss of spatial orientation and body image
Concussed Neural Signature is Substantially Different than Fatigue Neural Signature in Non-concussed Controls
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2023
Gustavo Sandri Heidner, Caitlin O’Connell, Zachary J. Domire, Patrick Rider, Chris Mizelle, Nicholas P. Murray
Theta and alpha spectral power were mostly the same across all brain regions, except for a theta power greater than alpha in the frontal cortex and a theta power lower than alpha in the occipital lobe. Decreased frontal alpha power was previously observed in concussed athletes compared to non-concussed athletes (Moore et al., 2016). Conversely, alpha activity greater than theta activity in the posterior regions are expected in typical individuals (Schmidt et al., 2013). However, in mTBI (Gorman et al., 1996) and certain pathologies (Davies & Maloney, 1976), alpha’s predominance over theta decreases, presumably due to deficits in pre-synaptic cholinergic markers in the cerebral cortex. In our findings, overall spectral power was not different in the frontal or temporal cortexes when comparing concussed and non-concussed groups. However, it was overall lower in all other regions of concussed participants. The greatest differences were observed in the central sulcus and the motor cortex, respectively, followed by the sensorimotor cortex, parietal, and occipital lobes.
Nineteenth- and twentieth-century brain maps relating to locations and constructions of brain functions
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2022
They show broad cortical areas giving similar responses. On the left is a composite from different subjects of movements of the tongue, hand, arm, and so on. On the right are reports of sensations in those areas. The thick, black, slightly diagonal line represents the central sulcus. To its right is the precentral motor area. To its left is the postcentral somatosensory area. The composites show the extent of the areas that were associated with movements and sensations of these body parts. The composite also shows the extent of overlap of the areas and shows them crossing the central sulcus.6Penfield initially attempted to align his results with the cytoarchitectonical work of German neurologist Oskar Vogt (1870–1959), French neurologist Cécile Vogt-Mugnier (1875–1962), and German neurologist Korbinian Brodmann (1868–1918), but found it limiting (Guenther 2016). A brain map following the cytoarchitectonic approach was published. It showed the places in postcentral field (Brodmann’s 3,1,2) that when stimulated showed “sensory aura” in various body parts. That aura “often spread like a wave over that side of the body” (Foerster and Penfield, 1930, 100). Very much aware of the idiosyncrasies of individual subjects, Penfield later oriented his data points with respect to the Sylvian and median longitudinal fissures and the central sulcus rather than architectonic areas, producing the results seen in Figure 8.
Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome triggered by tacrolimus mimicked neuropsychiatric involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus
Published in Modern Rheumatology Case Reports, 2019
Jun Inamo, Jun Kikuchi, Katsuya Suzuki, Yuko Kaneko, Hidekata Yasuoka, Hirokazu Fujiwara, Kunihiro Yamaoka, Tsutomu Takeuchi
In 2017, the malar rash worsened and new discoid lesions appeared on the upper limbs. Titer of anti-dsDNA antibody was elevated up to 66.1 IU/ml after the tapering of PSL to 5 mg/day. Three months after that, she suddenly developed strong headache, nausea and vomiting, and admitted to our department. On physical examination, temperature was 36.9 °C, blood pressure was 131/91 mmHg, pulse rate was 69/min. A malar rash and discoid rash had been present for 3 months. Blood tests showed lymphopenia, hypocomplementemia and elevation of anti-dsDNA antibody titer, suggesting remaining of disease activity (Table 1). We performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to ensure the cause of headache, and then found that the fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images showed high intensity in the right central sulcus, suggesting subarachnoid haemorrhage. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) showed multiple and bilateral, especially in the right middle cerebral artery, constrictive lesions without any aneurysm (Figure 1). In cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the level of interleukin (IL)-6 elevated to 301 pg/ml. The trough level of tacrolimus was also elevated to 11.6 ng/ml, however, we could not identify the cause of upregulation of the level of tacrolimus, including initiation of new drugs.