China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Imaging Pain in the Brain: The Role of the Cerebral Cortex in Pain Perception and Modulation
Published in Robert M. Bennett, The Clinical Neurobiology of Fibromyalgia and Myofascial Pain, 2020
M. Catherine Bushnell, Chantal Villemure, Irina Strigo, Gary H. Duncan
FIGURE 1. Functional and anatomical magnetic resonance imaging of a single subject exposed to a 46°C noxious heat stimulus on the left leg. Ten nine-sec noxious heat stimuli and 10 nine-sec neutral warm stimuli [36°C] were presented sequentially with nine-sec interstimulus intervals. The circled color-coded areas represent regions with significantly greater activation during the noxious heat than during the warm stimuli [Spearman's rank order correlation]. In this subject and others, there was significant pain-related activation in [1A] primary somatosensory cortex [S1J, [1B] secondary somatosensory cortex [S2], anterior insular cortex [IC], and cingulate cortex [ACC], Panels 1A and 1C show coronal slices [right side of brain depicted on right], and panel 1B shows a sagittal slice. Adapted from Bushnell et al. (9).
Biological Basis of Behavior
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
The parietal lobe is located above the occipital lobe of the brain and behind the frontal lobe. The parietal lobe is divided into three parts: (1) the postcentral gyrus; (2) the superior parietal lobule; and (3) the inferior parietal lobule. The postcentral gyrus receives sensory input from the contralateral half of the body. The sequential representation is the same as in the primary motor area, with upside-down reversal of sensations: the head is represented in inferior parts of the gyrus and sensations from the lower extremities are represented in superior portions. The primary somatosensory cortex, located in the postcentral gyrus, integrates somesthetic stimuli for recognition and recall of form, texture, and weight. The primary somatosensory cortex on one side receives all the somatosensory input from the contralateral side of the body. Lesions of the postcentral gyrus can cause difficulty in recognizing objects by touch (astereognosis). The superior parietal lobule is regarded as an association cortex. The inferior parietal lobule (composed of the angular and supramarginal gyri) is a cortical region involved with the integration of multiple sensory signals (K. Rogers, 2011).
The Central Nervous System Organization of Behavior
Published in Rolland S. Parker, Concussive Brain Trauma, 2016
The primary sensory areas receive most of their information from the thalamus. The primary somatosensory cortex is caudal to the central sulcus on the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe. Touch provides a representation of the body surface and outer space, modifiable by experience. Attentiveness integrates the representation of the body with vision and movement. The conscious self functions together with the representation of the body in visual space, whether actual, imagined, or remembered (Kandel, 2000d).
Cognitive function in diabetic persons with peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2022
Jenifer Palomo-Osuna, Helena De Sola, María Dueñas, Jose A. Moral-Munoz, Inmaculada Failde
Regarding persons with type 1 diabetes mellitus, studies performed in pediatric populations have reported that psychomotor speed and executive function may be affected even before complications such as DPN arise (34). Furthermore, the longer duration of the diabetes among the persons with type 1 diabetes and the chronic state of hyperglycemia that could result in neurological damage and alterations in the synthesis and use of neurotransmitters in the brain have also been identified as risk factors of disorders in cognitive functioning [7,38,39]. Some studies involving functional magnetic resonance imaging have shown that there is a reduction in the volume of the peripheral gray matter in the regions involved in somatosensory perception (primary somatosensory cortex and supramarginal gyrus), which leads to a gradual loss of neurons throughout the lives of these individuals [11].
Comparison of reliability and efficiency of two modified two-point discrimination tests and two-point estimation tactile acuity test
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Kory Zimney, Gina Dendinger, Macey Engel, Jordan Mitzel
These changes in the somatotopic organization of the primary somatosensory cortex have been found in individuals that have chronic pain conditions (Flor, Braun, Elbert, and Birbaumer, 1997). These cortical changes may be either structural changes in brain morphology and/or functional changes in brain activity. The cortical changes can result in potential distortion of body image (Lotze and Moseley, 2007). The body image as defined by Lotze and Moseley (2007) is ‘the way one’s body feels to its owner.’ This growing understanding of the change in body image found in patients with persistent pain has led to various interventions to potentially make alterations in the function and/or structure within the sensory cortical regions and improve body image in this patient population. One of the primary outcome measurements for these interventions is TPD testing (Byl, Archer, and McKenzie, 2009; Catley et al, 2014; Louw et al, 2015, 2017; Moseley, 2004; Moseley, Zalucki, and Wiech, 2008).
A review of magnetoencephalography use in pediatric epilepsy: an update on best practice
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2021
Hiroshi Otsubo, Hiroshi Ogawa, Elizabeth Pang, Simeon M Wong, George M Ibrahim, Elysa Widjaja
Somatosensory evoked fields (SEF) brain responses are evoked by electrical stimulation of a peripheral nerve (typically the median nerve at the wrist or the posterior tibial nerve at the ankle) or mechanical stimulation of the fingers, toes, or lip. When submitted to a source localization algorithm, a source can be identified in the contralateral primary somatosensory cortex, S1. The evoked response typically has a large magnitude with very good signal-to-noise ratio, and therefore, localization errors are low, and the fit is very good (Figure 5). A large scale MEG study involving 325 patients ranging in age from 3.7 to 65.6 years demonstrated that median nerve stimulation localized hand sensory areas with a success rate of approximately 95% while posterior tibial nerve stimulations localized foot sensory areas with a success rate of 75% [97]. The lower localization rate of posterior tibial nerve stimulation compared to median nerve stimulation is unclear, but may possibly be related to disposition of the homunculus. SEF localization has been confirmed by comparison to a number of other modalities including the gold standard, invasive mapping [98,99], surgical outcomes [100], and functional MRI (fMRI) [101] in both children and adults, although more recent reproducibility studies suggest that electrical median nerve stimulations probably have a confidence interval of up to 8 mm [102].