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Developmental Diseases of the Nervous System
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
James H. Tonsgard, Nikolas Mata-Machado
Malformations of the nervous system may be broadly classified into: Spinal dysraphisms.Brain malformations: Cranial defects.Abnormal segmentation and sulci formation.Abnormal proliferation and migration of neuronal cells and precursors.Agenesis–hypoplasia.
The nervous system
Published in Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella, Essentials of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology for Pharmacy and Allied Health, 2019
Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella
The cerebral cortex is not a smooth surface but, instead, is highly folded and has a furrowed appearance (see Figure 13.3). A convolution formed by these folds is referred to as a gyrus (pl. gyri). Each gyrus is separated from another by a sulcus (pl. sulci), which is a shallow groove, or a fissure, which is a deeper groove. The functional importance of gyri, sulci, and fissures is they significantly increase the surface area of the cerebral cortex, providing space for a greater number of neurons.
Discussions (D)
Published in Terence R. Anthoney, Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam, 2017
The various surfaces of each cerebral hemisphere are made up of irregularly-shaped ridges called gyri (singular = gyrus), separated from each other by grooves of varying depth called sulci (singular = sulcus). The formal names for most of the ridges contain the word “gyrus,” though there are exceptions, such as the “paracentral lobule” and the “cuneus.” The formal names for the grooves always contain the word “sulcus” or the alternative word “fissure”.
Twelve tips for teaching neuroanatomy, from the medical students’ perspective
Published in Medical Teacher, 2023
Sanskrithi Sravanam, Chloë Jacklin, Eoghan McNelis, Kwan Wai Fung, Lucy Xu
Facing the sheer volume of neuroanatomy, we recommend that students obtain a strong grasp of the basic structures and conceptual framework before attempting the intricacies; students can then continue to build on their knowledge and confidence as they progress through the course. By omitting the complicated details initially, students seem to retain and recall core concepts more readily (Chang and An Moln 2019). Start with the key terms for describing the anatomical axes of the brain, i.e., dorsal/ventral, cranial/caudal, as these are fundamental for learning anatomy in 3 dimensions. Following this, teach the names of the lobes and their major functions to introduce the concept of cortical localisation. Naming the main sulci and gyri will aid the process of distinguishing the lobes of the brain. It is worth pointing out the stand-out features of the cerebellum at this point too, i.e., the hemispheres and the vermis.
Cortical thickness and gyrification index measuring cognition in Parkinson’s disease
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Shefali Chaudhary, S. Senthil Kumaran, Vinay Goyal, G. S. Kaloiya, M. Kalaivani, N. R. Jagannathan, Rajesh Sagar, Nalin Mehta, A. K. Srivastava
Cortical thinning is inevitable in normal aging, especially within the neocortical regions [9]. These patterns of cortical thinning get more widespread in elderly subjects with mild cognitive impairment [10]. Cortical thinning is evident in PD and may be associated with cognition [5]. Recently, the association between CT and cognition in PD is being researched and more studies are necessary to establish the association. Cortical gyrification, the process of creation of sulci and gyri, promotes efficient neural processing and the resulting surface patterns may get altered by alteration in neural connectivity [11]. Gyrification index (GI) is a measure of cortical folding (gyrification) and the gyrification-based surface approach has successfully been implemented in PD [12]. Regional gyrification may affect cognitive abilities [13]. However, the two surface domains (CT and GI) may differentially influence cognition and these surface dynamics are needed to be studied.
A mesoscale finite element modeling approach for understanding brain morphology and material heterogeneity effects in chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
A. Bakhtiarydavijani, G. Khalid, M. A. Murphy, K. L. Johnson, L. E. Peterson, M. Jones, M. F. Horstemeyer, A. C. Dobbins, R. K. Prabhu
The far-field effects of sulci arise from the inter-sulcus stress field interactions. When a single sulcus was present (Figure 8), shear bands that originated at the sulcus end extended into the brain tissue (Figure 8(c), circled white) resulting in Figure 6(c,f), black arrows), the shear bands of the two sulci overlapped to produce a new area of stress localization with a Figure 9(c)) that was 23% greater than the Figure 8(c), circled white). This far-field stress localization was not observed in scenarios where sulci were perpendicular to the incoming pressure wave (Figure 9(h,l)). The location and existence of this far-field stress localization were found to be dependent on the sulcus length (Figure 8) and orientation (Figure 9) relative to the incoming pressure wave.