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Klüver-Bucy Syndrome
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
KBS can exist from birth due to genetic disorders and grow worse with age (Hu et al., 2017). It can also occur suddenly due to traumatic brain injury, and many people with KBS acquire the injury from road traffic accidents (Clay et al., 2019). It sometimes also develops over time due to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease (Auvichayapat et al., 2006). Other possibilities of damaging events also exist, but what these causes have in common is relatively extensive damage leading to extremely reduced functioning of the temporal lobes of the brain, especially two parts called the hippocampus and the amygdala (Caro & Jimenez, 2016). Because the hippocampus plays a role in memory, and the amygdala plays a role in a person's emotional responses such as fear and anger, damage to these areas make intuitive sense for explaining the symptoms of KBS as discussed in this chapter. However, because the temporal lobes are such large parts of the brain, and there are two of them, the condition really ought to be thought of more complexly than simply “damage to those areas.” Unfortunately, because this condition is uncommon and symptoms vary between people, much more work is needed in order to understand the nuances of how temporal lobe damage leads to KBS.
Clinical Sequelae and Functional Outcomes
Published in Mark A. Mentzer, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, 2020
While the relationships of disease states and associated disorders to mTBI are not well understood, post-concussive symptoms (physical, cognitive, emotional/behavioral) are easily overlooked or misdiagnosed as mental health or other physical problems. For instance, PTSD and TBI share symptoms, making a differential diagnosis difficult. With both conditions present, the symptoms can be mutually exacerbating. In recent wars, comorbidity was 48% (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Another possible comorbidity is depression. Figure 1.1 (Courtesy of CNS Centre for Neuro Skills) illustrates skills and functions associated with the lobes of the brain along with changes observed after brain injury.
Deception and Psychosis
Published in Harold V. Hall, Joseph G. Poirier, Detecting Malingering and Deception, 2020
Harold V. Hall, Joseph G. Poirier
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of the brain’s limbic system has long been recognized as playing a central role in a number of human behaviors including autonomic functions and cognitive and emotional activity. It is involved in numerous higher-level activities to include decision-making, impulse control, ethics, and morality (Botvinick, 2007; Cassaday, 2017). The ACC is located at the middle of the frontal lobes of the brain. It is in front of the corpus callosum, which contains neural connective fibers between the left and right hemispheres of the brain (Stevens, Hurley, & Taber, 2011).
Twelve tips for teaching neuroanatomy, from the medical students’ perspective
Published in Medical Teacher, 2023
Sanskrithi Sravanam, Chloë Jacklin, Eoghan McNelis, Kwan Wai Fung, Lucy Xu
Facing the sheer volume of neuroanatomy, we recommend that students obtain a strong grasp of the basic structures and conceptual framework before attempting the intricacies; students can then continue to build on their knowledge and confidence as they progress through the course. By omitting the complicated details initially, students seem to retain and recall core concepts more readily (Chang and An Moln 2019). Start with the key terms for describing the anatomical axes of the brain, i.e., dorsal/ventral, cranial/caudal, as these are fundamental for learning anatomy in 3 dimensions. Following this, teach the names of the lobes and their major functions to introduce the concept of cortical localisation. Naming the main sulci and gyri will aid the process of distinguishing the lobes of the brain. It is worth pointing out the stand-out features of the cerebellum at this point too, i.e., the hemispheres and the vermis.
The cortical and subcortical substrates of quality of life through substrates of self-awareness and executive functions, in chronic moderate-to-severe TBI
Published in Brain Injury, 2022
Eva Pettemeridou, Fofi Constantinidou
More specifically, greater injury severity has been found to lead to an increase in pathophysiology in both gray and white matter volume within the frontal lobes and related brain areas and circuits, which further relates with impairment in executive functions (EF), and SA. EF and SA deficits have been shown to interfere with one’s ability to function adaptively (15,16) and their perception of their quality of life (QOL; 8,17). Executive dysfunction and impaired SA have been linked to greater gray and white matter pathology in numerous frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital cortical and sub-cortical regions, including the cingulate cortex, the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), the dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (DLPFC), the superior frontal gyri, the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, the thalamus, the insula and the caudate (18–22). Despite clear evidence supporting the link between EF and SA with the aforementioned areas, as well as the associations between EF and SA deficits with QOL, no study has investigated whether the impact of TBI on QOL is reflected in EF and SA – related brain regions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the link between the pathophysiologic effects of TBI in brain areas relating to EF and SA with the individuals’ QOL.
White matter—Maximien Parchappe and the integration of articulate language
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2020
Parchappe thought this functional unit was especially pertinent to speech: Afferent conductors transmitted sensations, such as a spoken or written word, to the dynamic center, which in turn activated efferent conductors through which an appropriate spoken or written response was mounted. “This is the way,” he concluded, “that can be explained the predominant role that the anterior lobes play in the production of what is the most intellectual function of intelligence [i.e., language] and the production of the complex act that is the highest expression of intelligence, human speech (Parchappe 1865, 691–692). “M. Bouillaud,” Parchappe continued, “assigned this faculty to a special organ that he has called the governing organ of articulate speech and he located its seat in the anterior lobes of the brain” (Parchappe 1865, 696). But a lesion of the frontal lobes was insufficient to cause aphasia, Parchappe contended, because the ability to remember the meaning of words was a prerequisite to expressing them, and this ability extended beyond the frontal lobes into the cortical mantle. As he stated, “Any significant alteration of the cortex … that causes a significant alteration … of memory can alter the function of speech” (Parchappe 1865, 700).