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Schizophrenia
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Schizophrenia, formerly known as dementia praecox, is a chronic severe mental disorder characterized by significant alterations in perception, thoughts, mood, and behavior. The disorder affects how a person feels, thinks, and perceives reality (e.g., delusions, false beliefs, hallucinations, impaired cognitive ability, unclear or confused thinking, or hearing voices that do not exist). As a result, schizophrenia is characterized by behavioral problems, flat affect, trouble focusing or learning, and difficulty relating to others. Individuals with schizophrenia seem to have lost touch with reality. There is no cure for schizophrenia. Managing symptoms is the best way of managing the illness.
The Distortion of Consciousness
Published in Max R. Bennett, The Idea of Consciousness, 2020
Schizophrenia is in some cases a genetic disease, in which the near relatives of a schizophrenic have a tenfold greater likelihood of becoming schizophrenic themselves than if they are not so related. For this reason, there has been much effort lately to try and correlate the response of clozapine responding and non-responding schizophrenic patients with the dopamine D4 receptor allele frequency; that is, the frequency of variants in the D4 genetic locus. This has not been successful because of the polymorphic forms of the D4 receptor. Nevertheless, the effort to use molecular biological approaches to probe the origins of schizophrenia is a very important task. Schizophrenia is a development problem in which neural circuits, particularly those involving dopaminergic synapses, are not correctly formed. Indeed, the fact that the onset of the condition is most common in the late teenage years has been related to the final development of synaptic connections in the frontal lobes at this time. An attack of viral encephalitis can lead to disturbance in the development of these connections, independent of any inherited condition, and lead to schizophrenia.
Antipsychotic Drugs
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Harleen Kaur, Ramneek Kaur, Varsha Rani, Kanishka Sharma, Pawan Kumar Maurya
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder, severe chronic and complex disease that affects the thinking of a person, how he behaves and feels (Kota et al., 2015). A touch of reality has been forgotten by sufferers. However, this disease is not common as other disorders for the fact that this disease consists of varying of symptoms (Harvey et al., 2004). The symptoms are prevalent at the age of 16–30 (Mansur et al., 2016). The symptoms are subcategorized into positive, negative, and cognitive.
Psychosis susceptibility zinc finger protein 804A (ZNF804A) gene polymorphism in schizophrenia patients treated with olanzapine in North Indian population
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2023
Sayantika Maity, Murali Munisamy, Rajesh Sagar, Nayanabhirama Udupa, Venkata Puluturu Shilpa, Vivekanandhan Subbiah
ZNF804A is a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia, identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) [1]. The ZNF804A gene is located on chromosome 2q32.1 and consists of four exons and three introns spanning 341 kb [2]. It is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by perceptual abnormalities including hallucinations and delusions, conceptual disorganization, cognitive impairment, and often the presence of negative symptoms such as alogia, affective flattening and avolition [3]. The life time prevalence is about 1%, which is similarly common in both men and women. Peak ages of onset ranges from 15 to 25 for men and 25 to 35 for women [4]. Schizophrenia occurs throughout the world and causing significant global burden. The prevalence of schizophrenia (i.e. the number of cases in a population at any one-time point) approaches 1% internationally. The incidence (the number of new cases annually) is about 1.5 per 10,000 people [5]. The prevalence of schizophrenia in India is 3/1000 [6]. The annual incidence rates was reported to be 4.4 and 3.8 per 10,000 for rural and urban areas, respectively [6]. Schizophrenia is also popularly referred as ‘Cancer of mental illness’ because of its high morbidity and mortality [7]. The hypothesis that schizophrenia is an inherited disorder was supported by current research findings [8] although environmental factors are equally relevant. Family, twin and adoption studies have shown a strong genetic component in schizophrenia with heritability estimation of about 80% [9].
Effects of Pilates-Based Exercises on Functional Capacity and Mental Health in Individuals with Schizophrenia: A Pilot Study
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Eda Akbaş, Emin Ulaş Erdem, Elif Guneş, Tuğçe Duman Özkan, Gizem İrem Kinikli
Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder that affects a person’s thoughts, behaviors and perceptions and it is characterized by many signs and symptoms predominantly psychosis (Soares‐Weiser et al., 2015). This causes personal, social and economic impact (Ross et al., 2006). It remains one of the major reasons for disability despite medical and psychosocial interventions. The exact mechanism of schizophrenia remains obscure. Genetic factors contribute to the development of schizophrenia as well as environmental factors, such as side effects of medications, smoking, alcoholism, obesity, poor diet, and sedentary lifestyle (Ho et al., 2014; Pearsall, Smith, Pelosi, and Geddeset, 2014; Strassnig, Signorile, Gonzalez, and Harvey, 2014). Common symptoms of schizophrenia are as follows: false beliefs; unclear or confused thinking; hearing sounds; diminished social interaction; and emotional expression. Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behaviors, and catatonic behaviors are called positive symptoms, whereas flat affect, alogia, and avolition are negative symptoms. People suffering from schizophrenia may also have many complex health problems, such as cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, diabetes mellitus, and pulmonary problems (Ho et al., 2014; Pearsall, Smith, Pelosi, and Geddeset, 2014; Ross et al., 2006; Strassnig, Signorile, Gonzalez, and Harvey, 2014).
Olanzapine-samidorphan combination tablets for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder - what is it, and will it be used?
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2022
Justin Faden, Ryan Serdenes, Leslie Citrome
Antipsychotic medications are foundational for the treatment of schizophrenia. Olanzapine has long been established as one of the most efficacious pharmacologic options, with proven efficacy in first-episode psychosis, acute exacerbations of schizophrenia, and maintenance therapy [14]. Meta-analyses consistently rank olanzapine amongst the most effective antipsychotic medications [8,9,13,86,87]. Effectiveness studies further support the utilization of olanzapine, demonstrating longer times to all-cause treatment discontinuation [9,13,29;88]. However, olanzapine has drawbacks, which limit its utilization, and many providers do not consider it to be a first-line option for the treatment of schizophrenia. Olanzapine consistently ranks as one of the worst metabolic offenders relative to other antipsychotic medication alternatives, with higher incidences of weight gain, increases in waist circumference, and metabolic laboratory abnormalities (e.g. cholesterol, blood glucose, and triglycerides). These tolerability issues are cause for concern because cardiometabolic disease is the greatest cause of death in those with schizophrenia, and can be exacerbated by weight gain [4,89]. Additionally, an increase in waist circumference ≥5 cm, independent of weight gain, has been associated with an increased mortality risk [90,91]. Moreover, weight gain can damage self-esteem and limit treatment adherence, which is already low in many individuals with schizophrenia, and is one of the major determinants of non-adherence in patients with bipolar disorder [92,93].