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General Synonyms
Published in Terence R. Anthoney, Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam, 2017
For labelling areas of cerebral cortex not interrupted by sulci or fissures. 1a. Heschl’s convolutions (B&K, p. 216)1b. gyrus of Heschl (G&N, p. 127)2a. superior temporal convolution(C&S, p. 703)2b. superior temporal gyrus (C&S, p. 28 [Fig. 2–2])
On the Brainstem Origin of Autism
Published in Elizabeth B. Torres, Caroline Whyatt, Autism, 2017
Jonathan Delafield-Butt, Colwyn Trevarthen
Early postmortem histological studies indicated significant structural and morphological differences in brainstem nuclei of individuals with autism (see Welsh et al. 2005). Further, MRI scans of individuals with autism, although unable to resolve the individual nuclei, show consistent change in the overall size of the brainstem in individuals with autism (Jou et al. 2009, 2013). A recent meta-analysis of 1000 brain scans performed across 18 sites in Europe and North America shows that changes of brainstem volume are one of two significant differences across autistic brains compared with those developing normally (Haar et al. 2014). The other is a change in cortical thickness of the left superior temporal gyrus responsible for movements of speech, and for discriminating awareness of social expressions. These changes in the cortex will have developed as consequences of earlier changes in brainstem systems. In their comprehensive analysis of brain and behavior, Rodier and Arndt (2005) conclude, “There is no region but the brainstem for which so many lines of evidence indicate a role in autism” (p. 146).
Mechanisms of Recovery After Acquired Brain Injury
Published in Barbara A. Wilson, Jill Winegardner, Caroline M. van Heugten, Tamara Ownsworth, Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2017
Although the effects of sensorimotor skills training on plasticity processes after brain damage have been extensively investigated (for a review see Nudo, 2013), the impact of cognitive rehabilitation and practice on cerebral reorganisation after brain damage has only received scant attention. Only in the treatment of aphasia with speech and language therapy a substantial number of studies has been undertaken. A PET-investigation by Musso et al. (1999) concluded that a brief, intense language comprehension training administered to four patients with Wernicke's aphasia resulted in significant improvements in performance. The brain areas that correlated with the training-induced improvement in verbal comprehension were the posterior part of the right superior temporal gyrus and the left precuneus. This study emphasised the role of the right hemisphere in recovery from aphasia. Subsequent studies (see Abel et al., 2015) found therapy-induced increases as well as decreases in activation, both in the left and in the right hemisphere, with high inter-individual variability of the right hemisphere as a ‘backup’ resource (Cappa, 2000).
A review of magnetoencephalography use in pediatric epilepsy: an update on best practice
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2021
Hiroshi Otsubo, Hiroshi Ogawa, Elizabeth Pang, Simeon M Wong, George M Ibrahim, Elysa Widjaja
Auditory evoked fields (AEF) are typically stimulated using pure tones presented to one ear while the other ear received a masking stimulus to prevent bilateral activation of auditory pathways. Activation from stimuli presented to one ear travels into the lower brainstem, where the majority of fibers cross and ascend the contralateral pathways through the brainstem up to the cortex, while a minority of fibers continue ipsilateral, resulting in bilateral activation of auditory cortices. Masking stimulation in the opposite ear reduces ipsilateral activation of the stimulated ear, thus producing a clearer contralateral brain response. Activation localizes to the contralateral superior temporal gyrus in primary auditory cortex (Brodmann areas 41 and 42) [111]. Pure tones are required as the auditory cortex is organized tonotopically, and simultaneous activation of more than one frequency would result in a smearing of the location and increased error [112,113].
Impaired response inhibition during a stop-signal task in children with Tourette syndrome is related to ADHD symptoms: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2021
Thaïra J. C. Openneer, Dennis van der Meer, Jan-Bernard C. Marsman, Natalie J. Forde, Sophie E. A. Akkermans, Jilly Naaijen, Jan K. Buitelaar, Pieter J. Hoekstra, Andrea Dietrich
Group-differences in fMRI task activation indicated that children with TS − ADHD had increased brain activation in the left superior temporal gyrus in the Stop-success – Go-success contrast compared to TS + ADHD (see Table 4 and Supplement 2). In the Stop-failed – Stop-success contrast we observed enhanced brain activity in TS + ADHD compared to TS − ADHD in the left superior temporal gyrus (See Supplement 2 for results), and compared to healthy controls in the right superior and middle temporal gyrus, the right inferior frontal gyrus and the left insula (See Figure 1). Of note, the between-group differences involved a low number of voxels, indicating small differences between groups. See for results of neural activation across all participants using a whole brain approach Supplement 3. Furthermore, no associations were observed between neural activation and tic severity in the TS groups, or ADHD severity across the total sample (results not shown).
Comorbidity between ADHD and anxiety disorders across the lifespan
Published in International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 2019
Elisa D’Agati, Paolo Curatolo, Luigi Mazzone
Patients with ADHD and patients GAD that represents the most common anxiety disorder in comorbidity with ADHD (Souza et al., 2005) share some neurodevelopmental abnormalities in the brain. MRI studies demonstrated an increased grey matter volume in the amygdala, in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (PFC), and grey matter volume changes on the right cerebellar hemisphere in patients with GAD (Hilbert, Evens, Maslowski, Wittchen, & Lueken, 2015). Another study showed a grey matter increase in superior temporal gyrus and a decrease in medial and superior frontal gyri in adolescents with GAD (Strawn et al., 2013). Increased grey matter volume in the right inferior frontal gyrus, and in right PFC was documented in patients with ADHD aged 9–16 years (Garrett et al., 2008; Semrud-Clikeman, Pliszka, Bledsoe, & Lancaster, 2014). A systematic review of fMRI studies in patients with GAD, reported that neuroimaging studies differed largely in methodology, making it difficult to identify common findings (Mochcovitch, da Rocha Freire, Garcia, & Nardi, 2014).