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Amnesia
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
Amnesia may also result from electroconvulsive therapies in which the brain is shocked, thiamine deficiency due to alcohol abuse (see Korsakoff Syndrome), lack of oxygen or blood flow to the brain, encephalitis, or traumatic brain injuries (Squire et al., 2009). Dementia is often associated with amnesia, especially temporally graded amnesia. While certain elements of amnesia can be faked or considered dissociative mental illnesses (see Hacking, 1998), there is enough empirical evidence that memory, something that we hold dear and typically view as a solid foundation of our lives, is much more manipulable and fragile than we'd like to believe.
Return to Play Following Brain Injury
Published in Mark R. Lovell, Ruben J. Echemendia, Jeffrey T. Barth, Michael W. Collins, Traumatic Brain Injury in Sports, 2020
Ruben J. Echemendia, Robert C. Cantu
A careful examination of the features of a concussion as well as the player’s history with concussions is a vital component of any RTP decision. Although there is substantial disagreement regarding the validity of concussion grading systems and their relationship to RTP, several factors should be examined in any RTP decision. First and foremost is the severity of the injury. The guidelines may be quite useful for those practitioners who do not routinely work with sports-related concussions. An examination of the number of symptoms that a player reports or are observed is important. The more symptoms a player experiences, the greater the likelihood that the concussion is more severe than the report of a single symptom. A thorough assessment of amnesia is indicated. The extent of any retrograde or post-traumatic amnesia should be carefully documented. The greater the period of amnesia, the more severe the concussion is thought to be (see Cantu Data-Based Grading System). It is important to note however that many players do not regain memory for the period of time prior to or following the concussion. Thus, restoration of memory is not necessary for RTP. What is important is that memory has returned to normal (e.g. as assessed through NP testing) and the player is able to learn and recall new information.
Memory
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Memory may be the subject to loss (amnesia) or distortion (dysmnesia). Amnesia refers to the inability to memorize information or recall information that is stored in memory, to a greater extent than simple everyday forgetting. Amnesia is usually classified into:Anterograde amnesia: refers to impairment or inability to memorize new things; the person cannot recall or recognize new information or events that occurred after an amnesia-inducing event, e.g., not remembering or the inability to learn retain new names, faces, events, or sequences after an accident.Retrograde amnesia: refers to the inability to recall or recognize information or events that occurred before an amnesia-inducing event.Total or global amnesia: loss of memory of all events.Localized or circumscribed amnesia: loss of memory for a discrete period of time (amnesic gap). It typically occurs after a traumatic event, e.g., loss of memory how a mother left her office and went to hospital after learning that her child had an accident.Selective amnesia: inability to recall certain aspects of an event.
Pediatric bronchoscopy: recent advances and clinical challenges
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2021
P Goussard, P Pohunek, E Eber, F Midulla, G Di Mattia, M Merven, JT Janson
Many pediatric bronchoscopists successfully adopted these techniques [21]. Analgosedation (or conscious sedation) for pediatric bronchoscopy was mostly performed using fentanyl derivatives as the analgetic component and benzodiazepine, almost universally low-dose midazolam, as the sedative drug. This combination proved very useful in providing sufficient sedation while maintaining spontaneous breathing, excluding unwanted reflexes and even keeping some cooperation of the patient. In most cases also a sufficient anterograde amnesia was achieved. Conscious sedation has always to be combined with appropriate topical anesthesia. As in most of the pediatric flexible bronchoscopies the instruments are introduced through the nose, topical anesthesia of nasal cavity must be always properly applied to avoid any pain in this very sensitive area. Topical anesthesia must be also applied onto the larynx to prevent any undesired reflexes, such as coughing or laryngospasm. This, however, should only be done after properly evaluating the larynx, its stability, and motility, because topical anesthesia can decrease laryngeal stability and enhance signs of laryngomalacia. Depending on the reaction of the patient, some additional topical anesthesia can be applied also into the airways through the working channel of the flexible bronchoscope during the procedure.
Hypnotizability and the Natural Human Ability to Alter Experience
Published in International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 2021
In the West, the small proportion of highs who rigorously practice their ability to alter experience differ in four ways from those who practice musical, mathematical, athletic, or artistic skills. First, fantasy-prone highs and dissociating highs practice their skills in solitude; they hide their ‘autohypnotic’ activities when they are in public. Second, their ‘autohypnotic’ skills have become autonomous. As is the case with all procedural routines (and conditioned responses), ‘autohypnotic’ procedural routines and responses are exercised without thought or conscious intention. Third, fantasy-prone highs and dissociative highs may be unaware that they are doing it (i.e., that they are causing their fantasies or dissociative events). Fourth, dissociative highs may be both unaware that they are doing it and unaware that some of their ‘autohypnotic’ actions are occurring. This may be true for individuals diagnosed with psychogenic amnesia. Specifically, it is theorized that psychogenic amnesia is sustained by reflexive, procedural, ‘autohypnotic’ actions (of which the person is unaware) that prevent unacceptable memories – that are often activated by current mental or environmental cues (Ehlers et al., 2002; Tulving & Thomson, 1973) – from emerging into conscious awareness.
Utility of the Croatian translation of the community integration questionnaire-revised in a sample of adults with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2019
Dubravko Tršinski, Meri Tadinac, Žarko Bakran, Ivana Klepo
TBI severity, operationalized by PTA duration, shows a statistically significant relationship with the CIQ-R Total in the expected direction: the more severe the TBI, the lower the CIQ-R Total. This trend, resulting in overall significance, can be clearly seen in Table 6. However, the post hoc multiple comparison analysis showed significant differences only between the group with extremely severe TBI and the other three groups, which did not differ among themselves. This could be due to the small number of participants in the four groups and the fact that these groups were not matched for demographic variables which affect the CIQ-R results [23,24]. Furthermore, in the group with moderate severe TBI, the duration of post-traumatic amnesia was mainly determined by a retrospective interview, as their post-traumatic amnesia ended before they were admitted to inpatient rehabilitation. Some recent studies question the comparability of the various methods for assessment of post-traumatic amnesia duration [48,49]. Overall, our findings are consistent with those of Colantonio et al. [50], who used the original CIQ and found differences among groups of various TBI severity defined on the basis of the Glasgow coma score [51] and with findings from multivariate research [12,52], showing a relation between the PTA duration and the CIQ results.