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Amnesia
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
Anterograde amnesia, on the other hand, is the inability to create new memories. As a person with anterograde amnesia goes about their life, they may act relatively like a person without amnesia, until memory is required, such as when meeting new people or visiting a new location. Medical workers meeting with people with anterograde amnesia must introduce themselves many times to the patient, because they are not remembered.
The Neurologic Disorders in Film
Published in Eelco F. M. Wijdicks, Neurocinema—The Sequel, 2022
Two types of amnesia occur after traumatic head injury. Anterograde amnesia is typically impaired new learning and forgetting. Retrograde amnesia involves deficits in memory storage or retrieval. Psychogenic (functional) amnesia is not restricted to a single event (usually hours before the event) but involves a large part of the past. (It often affects young people.) This memory deficit may last for years. These patients are unable to recall information before the onset of the event, but anterograde memory is intact. Many may have a sudden loss of the ability to read, write, or use the telephone.
Faked Amnesia and Loss of Memory
Published in Harold V. Hall, Joseph G. Poirier, Detecting Malingering and Deception, 2020
Harold V. Hall, Joseph G. Poirier
The severity of a closed head injury and the duration of anterograde amnesia can and do, however, provide a rough clue as to the genuineness of claimed memory deficits. If a head injury was truly mild, residual memory deficits should also be mild and should be more apparent in incidental memory than in memory shown during psychometric evaluation. A patient presenting with a history of mild head injury and complaints of severe mnestic deficits, absent focal injury to cerebral sites and systems associated with memory, would appear suspicious. If the closed head injury was severe, longer lasting and more severe anterograde amnesia can be expected. A patient presenting with a history of severe head injury and complaints of mnestic difficulties even years after the injury is more plausible.
Pediatric bronchoscopy: recent advances and clinical challenges
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2021
P Goussard, P Pohunek, E Eber, F Midulla, G Di Mattia, M Merven, JT Janson
Many pediatric bronchoscopists successfully adopted these techniques [21]. Analgosedation (or conscious sedation) for pediatric bronchoscopy was mostly performed using fentanyl derivatives as the analgetic component and benzodiazepine, almost universally low-dose midazolam, as the sedative drug. This combination proved very useful in providing sufficient sedation while maintaining spontaneous breathing, excluding unwanted reflexes and even keeping some cooperation of the patient. In most cases also a sufficient anterograde amnesia was achieved. Conscious sedation has always to be combined with appropriate topical anesthesia. As in most of the pediatric flexible bronchoscopies the instruments are introduced through the nose, topical anesthesia of nasal cavity must be always properly applied to avoid any pain in this very sensitive area. Topical anesthesia must be also applied onto the larynx to prevent any undesired reflexes, such as coughing or laryngospasm. This, however, should only be done after properly evaluating the larynx, its stability, and motility, because topical anesthesia can decrease laryngeal stability and enhance signs of laryngomalacia. Depending on the reaction of the patient, some additional topical anesthesia can be applied also into the airways through the working channel of the flexible bronchoscope during the procedure.
Improving communication with patients in post-traumatic amnesia: development and impact of a clinical protocol
Published in Brain Injury, 2020
Tessa Hart, Mary Ferraro, Amanda Rabinowitz, Eileen Fitzpatrick DeSalme, Lauren Nelson, Elizabeth Marcy, Stephanie Farm, Lyn Turkstra
The finding that patients with dense anterograde amnesia can still learn, and other phenomena associated with PTA, may be explained with reference to separate, but complementary memory systems in the human brain (8). The explicit or declarative memory system, which is responsible for recalling verbalizable facts and events, is localized in the hippocampus and other medial temporal structures that are vulnerable to injury from TBI (4). In contrast, the phylogenetically older implicit or nondeclarative memory system, which mediates learning of behavioral routines, emotional associations, and other non-verbalizable information, is more diffusely represented in the brain and thus less vulnerable to injury. Classic laboratory studies have confirmed the relatively preserved implicit learning capability of patients in PTA, despite severe explicit memory deficits manifested as amnesia and disorientation (e.g. 9).
Of Meatballs, Autonomy, and Human Dignity: Neuroethics and the Boundaries of Decision Making Among Persons with Dementia
Published in AJOB Neuroscience, 2018
Andrea Lavazza, Massimo Reichlin
Some biopathological findings seem to support this distinction. In its early stages, Alzheimer’s affects the hippocampus, which is in charge of memory processes: Typically the patient gradually shows a weaker short-term memory, while the memory traces of the distant past are less affected. The anterograde amnesia may then break the narrative continuity of the patient’s life. At first, however, other brain regions are initially spared and make it still possible for the subject to be emotionally attached to given courses of action. According to Dworkin, however, Alzheimer’s patients lack autonomy, qua the ability to act accordingly with one’s values: They are no longer able to translate their beliefs into practical choices. Therefore, in order to respect their autonomy, we should respect their true beliefs and wishes, which the patients expressed before falling ill—when they were living as autonomous individuals. According to Jaworska, though, our conception of autonomy should be focusing on the capacity of valuing goals and relations, and adopting general purposes, whether the subject can practically implement them through appropriate means or not. The fact that Alzheimer’s patients cannot translate their beliefs into practical behavior does not necessarily mean that they have no autonomy; they can still have a degree of independence, even though they may need others to help them act according to their values. Embracing a value to distinguish what is right from what is wrong should be seen as a form of autonomy, one that is not damaged in Alzheimer’s patients.