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Oral Nutritional Supplements and Appetite Stimulation Therapy
Published in Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson, Optimizing Metabolic Status for the Hospitalized Patient, 2023
Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson
Altered olfaction is reported to occur in 12.4% of adults over age 40 (Hoffman et al. 2016). This can be the result of viral or allergic rhinitis, Sjogren’s syndrome, head trauma and other conditions. It is particularly common in degenerative brain diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s (see Table 16.3; Ackerman and Kasbekar 1997). The recent experience with the pandemic virus, COVID-19, cited loss of smell as a prominent symptom. The alteration in olfaction can be expected to diminish the desire and pleasure of eating food, leading to under-eating.
Current in vivo Models for Brain Disorders
Published in Carla Vitorino, Andreia Jorge, Alberto Pais, Nanoparticles for Brain Drug Delivery, 2021
Marta Guerra-Rebollo, Cristina Garrido
What is more important, brain imaging using CT and MRI could be applied to assess patients for brain diseases. The principal treatment for patients with acute stroke is the tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), but this treatment could induce haemorrhage. Studies using CT angiography show that the haemorrhage transformation was correlated with an increase of the BBB permeability so CT could be used to evaluate the risk of haemorrhage before tPA treatment [67]. Another example is the use of Gd-micelles, which were elaborate as an MRI contrast agent for tumour imaging [68] and they could also be used to examine BBB permeability. MRI images with Gd-micelles show a significant contrast area in the ischaemic hemisphere, indicating BBB permeability for macromolecules.
Occupational Therapy Student Research of the Needs and Characteristics of Dementia Caregivers
Published in Margaret A. Perkinson, Kathryn L. Braun, Teaching Students Geriatric Research, 2021
Sheila M. Ziff, Amy R. Schaffner
Alzheimer’s disease or AD is a progressive, degenerative brain disease and the most common form of dementia. A few examples of symptoms associated with AD are forgetfulness, confusion, and agitation. Approximately four million Americans have AD and it is estimated that more than seven out of ten people with AD live at home (Alzheimer’s Association, 1999). Stephen McConnell, Senior VP of the Alzheimer’s Association states that family members provide at least seventy percent of the care for persons with AD and do so at enormous physical, emotional, and financial cost (Alzheimer’s Association, 1999). The caregiving literature places emphasis on spousal caregivers of demented elders because they appear to be most adversely affected by the caregiver role. It has been reported that spouses are most often chosen as the primary caregiver and that they experience more stress than other family caregivers (Horowitz, 1985). This may be due to spousal caregivers being elderly themselves and, therefore, at an increased risk for experiencing physical and mental health problems, which may diminish their capacity to meet the demands of caregiving (Pruchno & Potashnik, 1989).
The Social Determinants of Mental Illness: A Rapid Review of Systematic Reviews
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2023
Leigh Huggard, Rachel Murphy, Cliodhna O’Connor, Finiki Nearchou
The aetiology of mental illness is relatively unknown, though continually amassing evidence points towards a complex interplay of genetic and social/environmental factors being responsible. However, recent decades have seen extensive efforts being placed into conceptualising mental illness as a brain disease, or a disease like any other, while funding bodies have prioritised neurobiological investigations over social (Lebowitz & Appelbaum, 2019; Read et al., 2006; Schomerus et al., 2012). Recent years have seen a rise in public mental health awareness which has favoured a medical model of mental illness, with greater emphasis placed on the biological rather than the social determinants of mental illness (Schomerus et al., 2012). Social determinants are aspects of one’s environment, relationships and lifestyle that impact mental health/illness.
21st Century Early Adult (55-74) Deaths from Brain-Disease-Deaths Compared to All Other Cause Mortality in the Major Western Countries – Exposing a Hidden Epidemic
Published in Neurological Research, 2021
Colin Pritchard, Lars Hansen, Anne Silk, Emily Rosenorn-Lanng
1. The Mental and Behavioural Disorder (M&BD) category (coded F00–F99), note the over-lap in coding of the diagnoses, which covers a wide range of conditions, many `psychological’ to include personality disorders, anxiety states, as well as the major psychiatric disorders – the depressions and the schizophrenias. The key neurological conditions not included anywhere else are the organic based mental disorders, systemic brain disease and vascular dementias. In respect to the range of psycho-social diagnoses it is assumed that there will be few death certificates siting the diagnoses such as personality disorders, anxiety disorders, etc., as causes of death. Whilst deaths associated with psychoses and psychological crises mainly result in suicide, found in the Intentional Self-Harm category coded X60-X84 and Y870 outlined in chapter twenty of the ICD [15].
Efficient antiglioblastoma therapy in mice through doxorubicin-loaded nanomicelles modified using a novel brain-targeted RVG-15 peptide
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2021
Mingfeng Han, Haoyue Xing, Liqing Chen, Minhu Cui, Yingying Zhang, Lingling Qi, Mingji Jin, Yang Yang, Chunsheng Gao, Zhonggao Gao, Xuezhong Xing, Wei Huang
The brain is an important organ and a regulator of life functions [6]. There are numerous types of brain disease, many with complex pathogeneses, and most are difficult to treat owing to the existence of the BBB. The BBB consists of a barrier formed by the brain capillary wall and glial cells between plasma and brain cells and that formed through separation of the choroid plexus from the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. These barriers can prevent most substances from entering the brain parenchyma from the blood, and thereby protect the brain from harmful substances and maintain local homeostasis. However, the BBB can also block the entry of most drugs into the brain, making it difficult for drugs to reach brain lesions. Some methods have been developed in an attempt to overcome the issue of BBB impermeability and allow sufficient drug entry into the brain to treat brain diseases; these include the temporary opening of the BBB by intra-arterial injection of hyperosmotic substances, the preparation of fat-soluble prodrugs from water-soluble drugs, active targeting molecule-mediated drug delivery into the brain, and physical approaches, including focussed ultrasound (FUS) [7].