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Neurological Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
About 5 million people will have a stroke in the coming year. Other common neurological disorders such as headache, functional neurological disorders and epilepsy affect many tens of millions of patients throughout the world. About 20% of emergency hospital admissions are primarily neurological, and so all doctors need basic competence in neurological diagnosis.
Hereditary and Metabolic Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Adults
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Why is it helpful to make a genetic diagnosis in a patient with a neurological disorder? There are several important immediate benefits for the patient.1 Many neurometabolic disorders have disease-specific treatments that in some conditions can even reverse the course of disease. A genetic diagnosis also provides better prognostic information about the disease course; allows better screening for and treatment of disease-associated complications in other organ systems; eliminates unnecessary testing; and provides closure for the patient, making them eligible for disease-specific clinical trials. The risk of the disorder can be calculated in the patient's family members, and they can be tested for the disease-causing variant when it is known.
Dopamine in the Immune and Hematopoietic Systems
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
Autoimmunity is a complex condition where the immune system does not distinguish between self and nonself antigens, as a result of a loss of immune tolerance. To date, as many as 80 autoimmune diseases have been identified, with an overall prevalence of 5%, thus constituting a serious health issue. As detailed in several reviews [1,2,44,45], dopaminergic pathways are considered as key regulators in multiple sclerosis (MS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and basal ganglia encephalitis. In addition, a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders in which DA is involved are associated with abnormalities of specific immune cell subpopulations. The neurological disorders include PD, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), HIV-related encephalitis, and migraine. Psychiatric disorders include schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, and Tourette’s syndrome.
Self-initiated management strategies in digitalized work and everyday life – experiences of people with cognitive difficulties due to neurological disorders
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 2023
Monika Lindberg, Eva Månsson Lexell, Maria Ranner, Maria Larsson Lund
People with neurological disorders may face persistent cognitive impairments [CI] that can impact their everyday life. For example, memory and concentration difficulties, sensitivity to disturbing impressions, stress intolerance [6–9] and fatigue [10] are commonly described. Additionally, people with CI can experience cognitive difficulties when engaging in and managing activities in everyday life that can be difficult to detect through objective measurements [1,11]. Further, CIs may impact the way strategies are used or the ability to implement and use new strategies. It is therefore essential to take into account the person's subjective cognitive difficulties [SCDs] [12] when considering how strategies are used to facilitate everyday life in various situations. By supporting awareness about how situations are managed and by supporting self-initiated strategies that appear to work well, professionals can help the client’s maintenance of agency and autonomy and, a sense of mastering everyday life [3]. Although strategies are essential to manage activities in everyday life, there is little knowledge of how people with neurological disorders who experience cognitive difficulties use them to manage, overcome and prevent problems.
The benefits of grape seed extract in neurological disorders and brain aging
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Ramin Mahdipour, Alireza Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan, Mahmoud Hosseini, Sara Shahba, Giovanni Lombardi, Amir Mohammad Malvandi, Abbas Mohammadipour
Neurological disorders affect many people’s health every year, creating complications and impairing life quality. Neurodegeneration, stroke, epilepsy, autism and psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety and schizophrenia may present with symptoms like movement disorders, behavioral disorders, or a combination of both [1–3]. These daily life problems impose considerable financial pressure on healthcare providers more than patients. For example, it has been estimated that only in the United States, the costs of the healthcare system for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in 2018 were about 277 billion US dollars [4]. Therefore, finding appropriate, low-risk and low-cost treatments, especially in prevention, is one of the medical priorities. Given that oxidative stress and neuroinflammation play fundamental roles in developing and progressing neurological diseases, particularly in neurodegenerative diseases [1,3,5,6], it is necessary to pay special attention to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents in preventing and treating neurological diseases. In addition, as microRNAs (miRs) have been demonstrated to play fundamental roles in several biological (normal physiological and pathophysiological) processes [7–10] and due to the relationship between grape seed and microRNAs, it can be considered a suitable therapeutic agent.
Barriers leading to increased disability in neurologically challenged populations during COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Jennifer D’souza, Arunima Biswas, Pooja Gada, Jaydip Mangroliya, Manikandan Natarajan
Neurological disorders are the frontline for causing disability and the second leading cause that contributes to death worldwide [5]. Hospital access to people with chronic neurodegenerative diseases has been restricted or rescheduled indefinitely to prevent them from falling prey to infection. Reports are suggestive of patients themselves seeking less hospital-based care that is supported by statistics that indicate a dwindling number of hospital admissions for diseases other than COVID-19 [6,7]. Prasad et al. surveyed people with disabilities in three different phases of the lockdown, wherein more than half of the included study population were disabled by chronic neurological disorders. The authors concluded that more than 90% of these individuals had motor disabilities and a portion of them additionally reported deterioration/worsening of their motor activity/capabilities at an accelerated rate [8]. Studies globally have recognized that curtailment of healthcare and rehabilitation access has led to unmonitored worsening of progressive neurodegenerative disorders. An increased appearance of non-motor symptoms in neurologically challenged populations such as those suffering from stroke, parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis, alzheimer’s, and dementia have been additionally reported [9–12]. Amplification of multiple pre-existing barriers and the addition of new barriers created by the pandemic might have contributed to the changing statuses of these individuals.