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Neuroimaging in Nuclear Medicine
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Anne Larsson Strömvall, Susanna Jakobson Mo
In another common neurodegenerative disorder, Parkinson´s disease (PD), clumps of protein called Lewy bodies (protein aggregates dominated by α-synuclein) accumulate inside neurons. Like in AD and FTD, neurons producing acetylcholine degenerate in PD. However, the hallmark of PD is loss of dopamine-producing nerve cells. In particular, dopamine-producing neurons located in the substantia nigra (see section 13.1.1) are affected. These cells normally produce lots of dopamine that is released in the striatum, regulating movements, but is also important in cognitive function. The typical movement symptoms of PD, Parkinsonism (i.e. slowness of movement, muscular stiffness/rigidity, balance impairment, and resting tremor) are largely associated with the loss of dopamine, and treatment with dopamine-like drugs (e.g. L-dopa) substitute for the loss of neurotransmitter and improve symptoms through action on the dopamine receptors. Parkinsonism may be seen in other conditions not associated with dopamine loss. Hereditary tremor, for example, is a relatively common neurological condition that may sometimes resemble early Parkinson’s disease, but is not a neurodegenerative disease and should not be treated with anti-Parkinson drugs (i.e. dopaminergic agents). Parkinsonism is also seen in so-called atypical Parkinson syndromes (Multisystem atrophy, Progressive supranuclear palsy, and Corticobasal syndrome). These are far less common, but share the loss of dopamine in the striatum with PD. However, in these diseases, also the dopamine receptors are lost, and therefore dopaminergic treatment is usually not helpful.
Role of Herbs and Their Delivery Through Nanofibers in Pharmacotherapy of Depression
Published in Anne George, Snigdha S. Babu, M. P. Ajithkumar, Sabu Thomas, Holistic Healthcare. Volume 2: Possibilities and Challenges, 2019
Ginpreet Kaur, Mihir Invally, Hiral Mistry, Parnika Dicholkar, Sukhwinder Bhullar
It is a chronic and progressive movement disorder. Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease include loss of coordination or postural instability, tremor of limbs and jaw, bradykinesia and rigidity of the limbs.8 Due to the formation of Lewy body inclusions and Lewy dystrophic neuritis, there is a loss of dopamine producing nerve cells in substantia nigra which ultimately causes Parkinson’s disease.9
The nervous system
Published in Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella, Essentials of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology for Pharmacy and Allied Health, 2019
Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella
There is no cure for Parkinson’s disease and treatment is mainly used to reduce symptoms. The mainstays of drug therapy for Parkinson’s disease are agents that enhance dopamine levels or signaling within the brain. Because dopamine does not cross the blood-brain barrier, the precursor to dopamine, L-DOPA is administered. The combination drug levodopa/ carbidopa (Sinemet) contains L-DOPA along with an enzyme inhibitor that prevents the peripheral conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine. Agents such as ropinirole and pramipexole directly stimulate dopamine receptors in the brain, whereas other agents such as selegiline and rasagiline inhibit the MAO-B enzyme that degrades dopamine in the brain. Anticholinergic agents such as benztropine are also useful for treating tremor and rigidity.
Graded peak cycle ergometer test for cognitively impaired patients with Parkinson’s disease: a pilot study
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2023
André Hürlimann, Manuela Pastore-Wapp, Judith van Beek, Mark A. Hirsch, Erwin E.H. van Wegen, Tim Vanbellingen
Seven out-patients, two with walking devices enrolled in this study, between February and June 2019, and were all recruited at a neurorehabilitation center. Inclusion criteria were: 1) diagnosis of Parkinson disease, defined by the UK Parkinson’s Disease Society Brain Bank Criteria (Hughes, Daniel, Kilford, and Lees, 1992); 2) age above 40 and older; and 3) cognitive decline (MoCA ≤ 26) (Nasreddine et al., 2005). Exclusion criteria were: 1) a pacemaker or a history of a serious cardiac event or cardiorespiratory disease; 2) musculoskeletal problems preventing participation; and 3) deep brain stimulation (DBS). This information was obtained by checking the patients’ medical record data and contacting the responsible family doctor and/or neurologist. All patients in this study received ongoing physical therapy and all had an average physical condition level.
Feasibility and longitudinal effects of repeated participation in an annual, brief and intense exercise program in individuals with Parkinson’s disease: A case report
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Janet Readinger, Marty Eastlack, Kristin Von Nieda, Shailesh Kantak, Karen Sawyer
Despite medical management, Parkinson’s disease (PD) progresses, and leads to significant deficits in mobility, disability, and quality of life. While newly diagnosed individuals may experience minimal symptoms initially, functional decline is inevitable even with pharmacological intervention. As the disease progresses, balance abilities decay and can be associated with falls (Duncan et al., 2015). People with PD experience a progressive decline in walking capability, activities of daily living (UPDRS Part II) and fine motor activities (e.g. 9-hole peg test) (Cavanaugh et al., 2014; Ellis et al., 2016; Shulman et al., 2008). These activity limitations lead to considerable disability and poor quality of life as measured by the Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire-39 (Jenkinson et al., 1997).
The inter-relationship between various non-motor symptoms and with habitual physical activity in Parkinsonism: a scoping review protocol
Published in Physical Therapy Reviews, 2022
Amanda Still, Leigh Hale, Prasath Jayakaran
Parkinsonism is a group of disorders characterised by the presence of bradykinesia with rigidity or tremor [1,2]. Neurodegenerative processes are the most common cause of Parkinsonism disorders, such as idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD) and atypical Parkinsonism disorders (APDs) [2,3]. APDs include multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, and dementia with Lewy bodies. PD and APDs have distinct pathophysiology but are commonly misdiagnosed, particularly in the early stages of the disease, due to symptom overlap [2,4]. PD is the most prevalent of these disorders, which has had a more than two-fold increase in global prevalence in the last two decades [5]. The current global prevalence of PD is estimated to be 6.1 million [5], and epidemiological research projects this to increase by approximately 770,000 by 2040 [6]. APDs account for approximately 10% of neurodegenerative causes, with a collective prevalence of approximately 0.4% (400 per 100,000 persons) [3,7]. Although APDs are less common, they are usually associated with a more rapid disease progression and a shorter lifespan [2].