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Medical Tourism And Well-Being: Trends and Strategies
Published in Frederick J. DeMicco, Ali A. Poorani, Medical Travel Brand Management, 2023
Frederick J. DeMicco, M. Cetron, O. Davies
The reason is the stretching of our life expectancy and the growing elderly cohort. As we saw in Chapter 6, better nutrition, new pharmaceuticals and medical technologies, and government health programs raise life expectancy with every generation. In 1950, life expectancy at birth in the U.S. was 68.2, and an 80-year-old American could look forward to another 6.5 years. Today, life expectancy at birth is up by more than 10 years, to 78.9, and the average 80-year-old will reach 89.6. In many other places, the average is even greater. In 25 countries, life expectancy is upward of 80 years. In Monaco, it is 89-plus. A life expectancy just under 79 puts the U.S. in 53rd place. By 2050, most of the world’s countries are expected to have more people age 65 and above than younger than 15. In Japan, South Korea, and Germany, more than half of the population in 2050 will be over 50.
Overview (1) - health and health systems
Published in Nigel Crisp, Turning the World Upside Down Again, 2022
There is now a very considerable focus on inequalities which has been reinforced by the experience of COVID-19 and a demand for understanding the roots of inequalities and injustice - whether this is about racism, gender, class or simply poverty - and for tackling them. As already noted, there is nothing more unequal than a difference in life expectancy of 10 or 20 years or even more between different parts of a country or between whole countries. These differences in life expectancy are accompanied by differences in health with greater morbidity, sickness and suffering more likely in lower-income countries and communities.
Health and urban living
Published in Ben Y.F. Fong, Martin C.S. Wong, The Routledge Handbook of Public Health and the Community, 2021
Persons living in rural areas of the United States are considered a ‘health disparity population’. Compared with urban residents, the rural population had a shorter life expectancy and more chronic diseases. Poor health outcomes in rural areas can be explained in part by a higher prevalence of risk factors, lower socio-economic status, less insurance coverage and more barriers to quality health care (Matthews et al., 2017).
Current Status of Thalassemia in Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Published in Hemoglobin, 2022
Alongkone Phengsavanh, Sourideth Sengchanh, Chanthala Souksakhone, Boupalisone Souvanlasy, Vanphanom Sychareun
Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) is a small landlocked country, located in Southeast Asia, sharing borders with Thailand, Myanmar, China, Vietnam and Cambodia. Lao PDR is classified into the list of low to middle income countries. Health outcomes such as life expectancy in Lao PDR have improved significantly (Table 1). Compared to women, men have a lower life expectancy of 66.43 years than the average (68.22 years), and lower than that of women’s that was 70.6 years in 2020 [1]. Improvements have also been observed in the total fertility rate that was reduced from 6.30% to 2.65% between 2011 and 2018. The contraceptive prevalence rate was 54.1% [2]. Child mortality was 48.4 per 1000 live births in 2018. The maternal mortality ratio was 167 per 100,000 live births in 2019 [2,3]. However, it remains high compared to the rest of the region. The nutritional status of children under 5 years remains challenging and a priority for the government. For instance, 32.5% of children under the age of 5 have low height for their age and 20.5% were underweight for their age in 2019.
Racism and Bioethics: The Myth of Color Blindness
Published in The American Journal of Bioethics, 2021
Even more destructive than white racial framing is the broader negative impact of race and racism on health. The simplest summary of the extensive literature on the specific impact of racism on health is that social and socio-demographic factors explain some but not all the disparate and poorer health outcomes from Blacks versus whites. Overall life expectancy is almost five years less for Black Americans than white Americans (Geruso 2012). Said another way, race is a structural determinant of health, and being Black is a risk factor for premature death. A Black patient will therefore always have a worse prognosis compared to a similarly situated white patient, and if instead viewed as an equal prognosis will be disadvantaged. This is a classic example of the distinction between “equality” and “equity;” “equality” connotes using the exact same and equal approach, whereas equity connotes proportional approaches designed to take into account differences in opportunity at baseline (Culyer 2015).
Contagiousness in treated HIV-1 infection
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2021
Jaran Eriksen, Jan Albert, Maria Axelsson, Torsten Berglund, Johanna Brännström, Hans Gaines, Magnus Gisslén, Peter Gröön, Per Hagstam, Lars Navér, Karin Pettersson, Jenny Stenkvist, Anders Sönnerborg, Anders Tegnell
HIV treatment outcomes in Sweden are very good and among the best in the world. Several studies show that the life expectancy of PLHIV in countries with access to effective treatment is increasing and is now approaching that of the rest of the population [13–15]. An important reason for the still slightly shorter life expectancy is, in addition to lifestyle factors and socioeconomic status, deaths occurring in patients diagnosed at very late stage of HIV infection when it is too late to start antiretroviral therapy or too late for the treatment to have sufficient effect [16]. Data from the national quality register InfCareHIV show that all-cause mortality among PLHIV in Sweden today is lower than one percent annually. However, among people diagnosed at a late stage with severely affected immune systems or AIDS, or those who have been infected through intravenous drug use, mortality rates are significantly higher.