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Hard Cases for Critics of Abortion
Published in Christopher Kaczor, The Ethics of Abortion, 2023
The maternal mortality rate is the number of deaths from pregnancy per 100,000 live births. Calhoun notes that the number of deaths resulting from pregnancy is difficult to determine because there is a lack of consensus regarding the timeline that should be used to link a pregnancy to the result of death. Should a death within a month, six months, or a year after birth be attributed to the pregnancy? In addition, there is another problem with determining the number of deaths per live birth. The numerator of maternal deaths includes deaths from ectopic pregnancies, molar pregnancies, miscarriage, and stillbirths, none of which fall into the category of live births.
Epidemiology, Disease Transmission, Prevention, and Control
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
There are several basic indicators that epidemiologists take into account when measuring and analyzing the health status of a population. Both mortality and morbidity figures for example show effects of a disease in a population. Of the two, mortality is the more severe outcome of a disease. In developed countries where data are available, mortality is easy to measure in an accurate manner and is therefore valuable. In third world countries, however, its value is diminished, as it is often difficult to establish the cause of death, or deaths are simply unrecorded. The mortality rate, also called the death rate, estimates the proportion of the population that dies during a specific period. Morbidity in contrast expresses any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or psychological well-being. It may be measured as the number of persons who are ill; the number of illnesses that the individuals experienced; and the duration of the illness in an individual. Incidence is the number of new events or cases of a disease in a given population group during a certain period of time. The incidence rate indicates the rate at which new events occur in a population; the numerator is the number of new cases in a defined period while the denominator is the number of individuals exposed to risk during the period. If the period is a year, the figure is called the annual incidence rate.
Rates and Standardization
Published in Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie, Principles of Biostatistics, 2022
Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie
Rather than comparing the total numbers of deaths in 2016 and 2017, we could instead compare the death rates for these years. A death rate, or mortality rate, is the number of deaths that occur during some period of time divided by the total population at risk during that time. The population at risk consists of all individuals eligible to be part of the numerator.
Case Fatality Rate and Severity of COVID-19 among Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Published in Hemoglobin, 2023
Tarcísio Silva Borborema, Julio Cesar Moreira Brito, Edleusa Marques Lima Batista, Rodrigo Siqueira Batista
This study showed that the overall case fatality rate of COVID-19 people with SCD is 3%. In addition, the overall rate of ICU admissions of 10% and the overall rate of invasive mechanical ventilation of 4% is alarming because the average age of the included patients was less than 28 years [38]. In fact, the COVID-19 case fatality rate calculated in this study is more than 10 times higher than the mortality rate observed in the general population. A meta-analysis of 611,583 patients showed that the overall mortality of COVID-19 in the population younger than 29 years was 0.3% [39]. These findings are corroborated by a report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention showing that rates of hospitalization, ICU admissions, and death associated with COVID-19 are much higher in people with SCD than rates observed in people of similar age in the general population [40]. In addition, large cohort studies from the United Kingdom [28,32] and the United States [33] reported a 2- to 7-fold increased risk of hospitalization COVID-19 for patients with SCD compared with the general population.
Convalescent plasma treatment in severely immunosuppressed patients hospitalized with COVID-19: an observational study of 28 cases
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2022
Oskar Ljungquist, Maria Lundgren, Elena Iliachenko, Fredrik Månsson, Blenda Böttiger, Mona Landin-Olsson, Christian Wikén, Ebba Rosendal, Anna K. Överby, Byström J. Wigren, Mattias N. E. Forsell, Jens Kjeldsen-Kragh, Magnus Rasmussen, Fredrik Kahn, Karin Holm
The selection of patients treated with CCP in this study could be of considerable importance to the 30-day mortality rate of 21% in our study since severe symptoms, protracted infection or lack of virological clearance were often the indication for clinicians to treat with CCP. This makes mortality comparisons with other studies difficult and thus has to be kept in mind in the following attempt to provide some context to the mortality rate in our study. The overall, pre-vaccine mortality of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Sweden was 17.4% [28]. The mortality rate of solid organ transplant recipients in Sweden was 15% for hospitalized patients [29]. Studies from other countries in haematological patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 report mortality rates of 38 and 39% [30,31].
Challenges and facilitators to the provision of sexual, reproductive health and rights services in Ghana
Published in Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 2020
James Akazili, Edmund Wedam Kanmiki, Dominic Anaseba, Veloshnee Govender, Georges Danhoundo, Augustina Koduah
These policies, along with health systems reforms, improvements in human resource capacity and distribution, infrastructure, logistics and supplies, and health information systems, have led to modest improvements in SRH indicators, but vast disparities exist across the country. For instance, under-five mortality is 52 per 1000 live births while the maternal mortality rate is 310 deaths per 100,000 live births. These are both higher than the MDG targets that were to be attained in 2015. The teenage pregnancy rate is 14% (not changed since 1998) and modern contraceptive use prevalence rate is 20%.15 Coverage of skilled birth attendance is 60% in rural areas compared to 90% in urban settings. Also, nearly all mothers among the richest households (98%) made at least four ANC visits, compared to 76% of mothers from the poorest households.15 Only 47% of deliveries in the poorest households had a skilled attendant at birth, compared to 97% of deliveries in the richest households.15