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Lifestyle and Diet
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
As cited above, standard of living, lifestyle, diet, and climate are the main factors of longevity. It is not surprising that most developed countries occupy the first places in the life expectancy list, and the underdeveloped countries occupy the last places in the ranking. According to World Health Organization (WHO) data, women on average live longer than men in all major countries (242).
Community and environment as determinants of health
Published in Ben Y.F. Fong, Martin C.S. Wong, The Routledge Handbook of Public Health and the Community, 2021
Thomas Man-chi Dao, Bean S.N. Fu
People share a common goal of healthy longevity. Determinants of health are the factors which affect the health status of an individual, a family or a population. These factors could be individual factors such as genetic predisposition and risky health behaviours; contact between people in the same community, or interactions between human, other animal species and our environment. Governments, scientists and health care professionals are trying to identify, stratify and modify different health risks in the communities and environments. This chapter will introduce how we can understand health among population structure inside a community. We will then discuss how environmental factors affect human health. Finally, we will describe the “One Health” approach to investigate the interconnection between human, animal and the environment, as it could possibly provide a solution for mitigating global health risks through interdisciplinary collaboration. We will also examine the practicability of adoption of “One Health”.
Critical appraisal of economic evaluations
Published in O. Ajetunmobi, Making Sense of Critical Appraisal, 2021
‘Quality of life’ as a function of utility spans a scale of 0–1. Zero is ascribed to death and one to perfect health (maximum). Some health states are often ascribed scores less than zero, that is, worse than death. ‘Longevity’ as a function of utility is measured in terms of the number of years lived in a particular health state. Quality of life scores are usually combined with the number of years lived in that particular health state to produce an outcome measure called ‘Quality adjusted life years’ (QALYs). 1-QALY represents one year spent in full health. The example below illustrates how QALYs can be calculated for a particular health state.
The Unpopular Victims: Individuals Who Are Sexually Abusive – The Black Swans
Published in Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 2023
A landmark in codified U.S. law was establishment of a juvenile court system in the late 1800s recognizing youth were not mini-adults, but rather young developing humans. The establishment of the field of pediatric endocrinology in the twentieth century was seminal in producing research related to children’s sexual development. In the twenty-first century, human longevity is extended by decades, living past 100 and puberty commencing at significantly younger ages. Puberty is a demarcation, end of childhood, a phase in human development where significant physiological and psychological changes occur to achieve adult sexual maturation and potential for fertility. Regulation of puberty involves factors such as genetic makeup, inheritable characteristics, including nutritional status, environmental and socioeconomic factors.
Are We Living Longer? And Age-Related Preventive Cancer Screening
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2022
A recent conversation I had with a long-time friend and neighbor got me interested in the topic of longevity currently in the United States. We were discussing whether women over age 75 with no personal or family history of problems in specific areas needed to continue to get screening mammography, colonoscopy, and pap tests. I get my primary health care through a Geriatric Medicine group and had been advised that given my history, I could forgo these exams unless I wanted them or had problems in the future. My friend who belongs to a neighborhood mahjong group of women her age that includes a nurse who works at a local Veterans Administration hospital said that the nurse told the group that since we are all living longer, present rules for when to stop these screening exams no longer apply. She endorsed continuing with these procedures indefinitely. When my friend told me this, I said “But we’re not living longer. Life expectancy in the U.S. is declining.” It should be noted at the outset that the idea of living longer is an attractive one that most people would like to believe (including me). My friend questioned my assertion that life expectancy was decreasing, and I decided to investigate it. I also wanted to review the literature on these specific cancer screening exams to see if there was evidence that they contribute to longevity. What I found was not surprising: socioeconomic and racial/ethnic inequality are major determinants of longevity, access to preventive screening, and rates of morbidity and mortality from cancers in the U.S.
A performance comparison of the 20 and 30 meter six-minute walk tests among middle aged and older adults
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2021
Pâmela Heinz, Aline Almeida Gulart, Suelen Roberta Klein, Raysa Silva Venâncio, Jaqueline Aparecida da Silveira, Talyta Garbelotto Veras, Anamaria Fleig Mayer
Increasing human longevity is a worldwide phenomenon that influences people´s functional capacity, independence and quality of life (Gale, Cooper, and Sayer, 2015). Functional capacity is defined as the maximum ability of individuals to perform activities aimed at meeting their basic needs, as well as promoting health and well-being (Leidy, 1994). Decreasing functional capacity is related to multidimensional factors, such as weakness (Garcia et al., 2015) and predisposition for cardiovascular diseases (Veronese et al., 2017), which contribute to a significant increase in institutionalization and mortality rate (Clegg et al., 2013; Wullems et al., 2016). Progressive decline in physical function may affect the maintenance of healthy lifestyle habits (Ramnath, Rauch, Lambert, and Kolbe-Alexander, 2018; Tomas, Galan-Mercant, Carnero, and Fernandes, 2018), and therefore its assessment is of utmost importance. In this context, some field tests (Cooper, 1968; Dolgener, Hensley, Marsh, and Fjelstul, 1994; Leger and Lambert, 1982) may be employed, such as the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), which has proved to be a reliable, affordable and safe instrument. The 6MWT is also widely used in clinical practice (Holland et al., 2014) and it is representative of physical activities of daily living (Zhang et al., 2017).