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Amnesia
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
The hippocampus is important for the formation of new episodic memories, and in theory forms a key part of the trace for new memories. Prominent evidence for this comes not only from the case of HM, as discussed near the beginning of this chapter, but also from studies of transient global amnesia. When a person experiences transient global amnesia and temporarily fails to form new memories, it seems to be due to temporary abnormalities in the hippocampus, as revealed by brain scans (Bartsch et al., 2007). Other parts of the brain are also involved in memory storage and retrieval. This is especially true for procedural memories, for which the striatum seems to play an essential function (Perrin & Venance, 2019). This is why hippocampus damage can lead to somewhat specific problems for episodic memory while leaving procedural memory formation, such as learning new skills, more intact.
Neurological Diseases
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Sudden-onset focal neurological impairment can be due to either haemorrhagic or ischaemic stroke. The vast majority (84–87%) of strokes are ischaemic; atrial fibrillation is a common cause of cardioembolic ischaemic stroke. Transient ischaemic attack (TIA) is usually diagnosed when neurological deficits resolve completely within 24 hours. If neuroimaging is available, a lack of infarct, regardless of symptom duration, can be classified as a TIA. Important differential diagnoses in this situation include transient global amnesia and migraine.
Paper 1: Answers
Published in Sabina Burza, Beata Mougey, Srinivas Perecherla, Nakul Talwar, Practice Examination Papers for the MRCPsych Part 1, 2018
Sabina Burza, Beata Mougey, Srinivas Perecherla, Nakul Talwar
H. Although the son’s death was a stressful event, not losing identity differentiates this from fugue. Sudden onset of memory loss for recent events, an inability to register new impressions and retrograde amnesia are clinical hallmarks of transient global amnesia. (20: p.1058)
Verification of a proteomic biomarker panel to diagnose minor stroke and transient ischaemic attack: phase 1 of SpecTRA, a large scale translational study
Published in Biomarkers, 2018
Andrew M. Penn, Maximilian B. Bibok, Viera K. Saly, Shelagh B. Coutts, Mary L. Lesperance, Robert F. Balshaw, Kristine Votova, Nicole S. Croteau, Anurag Trivedi, Angela M. Jackson, Janka Hegedus, Evgenia Klourfeld, Amy Y. X. Yu, Charlotte Zerna, Christoph H. Borchers
A total of 560 participants were enrolled in the two arms of the first phase of the SpecTRA study. Of the initial sample, nine patients were removed due to protocol violations, such as missing the required brain imaging. In consideration of the medical and clinical ambiguity regarding transient global amnesia (TGA) (Sedlaczek et al.2004) and its potential relation to TIA, an additional six patients were removed from the sample with this diagnosis. In total, 15 patients were excluded from the dataset (Figure 1) used to identify the biomarker panel. Table 1 displays the demographic characteristics of the final evaluable SpecTRA dataset (n = 545).
Validation of a proteomic biomarker panel to diagnose minor-stroke and transient ischaemic attack: phase 2 of SpecTRA, a large scale translational study
Published in Biomarkers, 2018
Andrew M. Penn, Maximilian B. Bibok, Viera K. Saly, Shelagh B. Coutts, Mary L. Lesperance, Robert F. Balshaw, Kristine Votova, Nicole S. Croteau, Anurag Trivedi, Angela M. Jackson, Janka Hegedus, Evgenia Klourfeld, Amy Y. X. Yu, Charlotte Zerna, Jayesh Modi, Philip A. Barber, Gordon Hoag, Christoph H. Borchers
A total of 600 participants were enrolled into cohort 2A and 569 participants into cohort 2B. Of the initial cohort 2A sample, 17 patients were removed due to protocol violations, such as missing the required brain imaging. One patient was removed due to technical sample preparation issues during proteomic analysis. In consideration of the medical and clinical ambiguity regarding transient global amnesia (TGA) (Sedlaczek et al.2004) and its potential relation to TIA, an additional 7 patients with this diagnosis were removed from the study. In total, 25 patients were excluded from the cohort 2A dataset.
Evidence and mechanisms for statin-induced cognitive decline
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2019
Brendan Tan, Franklin Rosenfeldt, Ruchong Ou, Con Stough
In a high profile case, Dr. Duane Graveline, a retired astronaut and flight surgeon, presented with transient global amnesia (TGA) after 6 weeks of 10 mg/day atorvastatin treatment, characterized by anterograde amnesia and confusion [15]. Treatment was suspended for 12 months resulting in no further amnesia. After a year, atorvastatin treatment was recommenced at half the previous dose (5 mg/day). After 6 weeks, he experienced a second episode of TGA. This time antegrade amnesia was accompanied by retrograde amnesia and was reversed when statin treatment was suspended for the second time.