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Gerstmann Syndrome (Dysgraphia, Dyscalculia, Finger Agnosia, and Left-Right Disorientation)
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
Damage to a part of the brain called the angular gyrus, located near where the parietal and temporal lobes meet, appears to be enough to produce this syndrome. However, there are reports of people developing some of the symptoms even with brain damage in different areas (Bhattacharyya et al., 2014). For example, dyscalculia can be a symptom of damage to many different brain locations, including frontal, temporal, parietal, and subcortical structures, although the angular gyrus is probably the most frequently implicated (e.g., Grafman et al., 1982; Willmes, 2008). Importantly, Gerstmann syndrome is commonly associated with damage to the dominant hemisphere of a person's brain (Tucha et al., 1997). In right-handed people, the left side of the brain is usually dominant, and because most people are right-handed, Gerstmann syndrome is usually associated with damage to the left half of the brain. Therefore, Gerstmann syndrome is most frequently associated with left-sided damage of the angular gyrus… but there are exceptions to all of this (Lebrun, 2005). In fact, there are a lot of exceptions to the guidelines of this syndrome, which brings us to an important question.
Young onset dementia − challenges in nomenclature and clinical definitions
Published in Marjolein de Vugt, Janet Carter, Understanding Young Onset Dementia, 2021
Dennis van de Veen, Christian Bakker, Tor Rosness, Raymond Koopmans
Cognitive impairment can also occur as a result of head trauma, due to traffic accidents or sports injuries, exposure to toxic or other substances or lifestyle choices, such as the use of alcohol or drugs (Lubman et al., 2007). The extent to which cognitive impairment is present will depend on the origin or cause of the brain damage. These conditions are often referred to as acquired brain injuries (Ontario Brain Injury Association, 2019). We know from the literature that some of these disorders have a more progressive course in which cognitive and behavioural symptoms worsen, such as head traumas resulting from repeatedly falling (McKee & Daneshvar, 2015), sporting concussions and war veterans with traumatic brain injuries (Withall et al., 2014). This would suggest that acquired brain injuries can be considered a possible cause of dementia (Mortimer et al., 1985), especially in cases of cognitive impairment in individuals in high-risk groups.
Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurocognitive Disorders
Published in Gail S. Anderson, Biological Influences on Criminal Behavior, 2019
This chapter examines brain damage and its many causes and implications for our study of biology and criminality. Because the brain is the seat of all behavior, it is logical that any damage to the brain is likely to affect our actions. Although brain damage can be severe at any age, damage to the developing brain is most severe. Brain damage is surprisingly common in society, and modern medical techniques have made it possible for us to understand much more about the brain and brain damage than in the past. In many cases, even minor injuries to brain function can have a major influence on future behavior. Of course, this behavior is not usually criminogenic on its own, but it can lead to criminal behavior, such as increased impulsivity, irritability, and reduced behavioral inhibition. Brain damage can be caused by a direct injury such as a head injury in a vehicular accident, or from child abuse, but it can also be caused by illness and disease. This chapter looks at a number of important studies focusing on the effect of this type of damage on antisocial and criminal activity. A correct understanding of the types of brain injury and their results can also help in finding ways to ameliorate their effects and treat offenders to reduce recidivism.
Hyperferritinemia with iron deposition in the basal ganglia and tremor as the initial manifestation of follicular lymphoma
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2023
Hussein Algahtani, Ahmed Absi, Bader Shirah, Hatim Al-Maghraby, Hussam Algarni
It is important to consider the possibility of both a genetic and acquired iron overload syndrome in patients with neurological symptoms and hyperferritinemia. In this article, we are reporting a unique case characterized by hyperferritinemia with widespread deposition of iron in more than one bodily organ, movement disorder, and hidden malignancy. We stress on the importance of early diagnosis using a systematic approach since early treatment with iron chelators is warranted to prevent the progression of neurological symptoms. Even those patients who have no neurological symptoms with high iron should be monitored closely and treated early to avoid the deposition of iron in the brain. Whether brain damage and MRI changes are reversible completely or partially is a subject for further research.
Need of nutritional assessment and monitoring in a population with acquired brain injury: an analytical cross-sectional study
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
H. Vázquez-Lorente, L. Herrera-Quintana, J. Molina-López, M. Zapata-Soria, E. Planells
A group of 23 institutionalized volunteer participants from the brain damage center AGREDACE, from the province of Granada (Spain), were recruited for the cross-sectional study. All the participants, together with their family members or their caregivers, were given a full explanation of the study and completed a written consent form. The inclusion criteria were (i) being over 18 years of age, (ii) brain damage diagnosis, (iii) acceptance to participate in the study after being informed about it, (iv) having a sufficient capacity (on a cognitive or language level) to answer questionnaires coherently, and (v) having had at least 1 year of evolution since the ABI diagnosis. The exclusion criteria were (i) to take vitamin or mineral supplements, (ii) inability to stand on the bioimpedance device, and (iii) presence of implants that could alter the bioimpedance results. The confidentiality of all the data used and collected has been guaranteed at all times, complying with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the approval by the Ethics Committee of the University of Granada.
Olfactory perception in patients with a mild traumatic brain injury: a longitudinal study
Published in Brain Injury, 2022
Coline Zigrand, Benoit Jobin, Fanny Lecuyer Giguère, Jean-François Giguère, Benjamin Boller, Johannes Frasnelli
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by an external force leading to brain damage from which ensues subtle or delayed clinical symptoms (1). Symptoms are ranked according to a continuum of severity including mild, moderate and severe TBI. The most common scale to classify symptoms severity is the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) assessing the degree of consciousness (2). About 80% of TBI are considered as mild (3) and its definition from the WHO collaborating center for neurotrauma task force involves at least one of these following criteria: (1) period of confusion, disorientation or loss of consciousness for less than 30 minutes, (2) post-amnesia for less than 24 hours, as well as a (3) GCS score between 13 and 15 after 30 minutes post injury or upon presentation at the emergency room (4).