China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Enhanced Case Detection through Clinical and Laboratory Methods
Published in Yamuna Deepani Siriwardana, Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka, 2023
There are several obstacles in the journey towards achieving optimal case suspicion rates, though there are some formal pathways in dissemination of research knowledge into different sectors in the applied specialties in Sri Lanka. In the diagnosis of leishmaniasis, clinicians look for typical clinical manifestations or presentations. Atypical manifestations and asymptomatic cases receive minimal attention (Singh et al., 2014). There had been occasions where successive and detailed discussions had to be carried out with clinicians to draw their attention towards asymptomatic infection, when a Leishmania spp.–positive bone marrow report is made available for an apparently healthy individual, for a patient with a confirmed alternative diagnosis, for a patient with a positive microscopy report on a past leishmanial skin infection, for a person who recovers a minor febrile illness within 48–72 hours (author’s personnel experience). This carries special importance in the local setting when atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis manifestations and micro changes within the existing cutaneous leishmaniasis profile and emergence of visceral leishmaniasis are observed. Many of our initial visceral leishmaniasis cases were investigated for leishmaniasis following a long list of other investigations performed to explore a series of other possibilities.
Ethnopharmacology of the Genus Pilocarpus
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Ronaldo dos Santos Sousa, Mahendra Rai, Chistiane Mendes Feitosa, Leiz Maria Costa Veras, Pedro Vitor Oliveira S. Furtado
Morais et al. (2018) evaluated the antileishmania activity of the essential oil of P. microphyllus. Leishmaniasis is a group of infectious diseases caused by different species of the Leishmania genus. The authors evaluated the antileishmania activity against promastigote forms of Leishmania infantum. In the results, it was reported that the essential oil of this species proved to be very promising against promastigote forms of L. infantum.
Host Defenses Against Prototypical Intracellular Protozoans, the Leishmania
Published in Peter D. Walzer, Robert M. Genta, Parasitic Infections in the Compromised Host, 2020
Richard D. Pearson, Mary E. Wilson
Circulating antibodies do not lead to resolution of infection. In general, the magnitude of the circulating antileishmanial antibody response is inversely proportional to the extent and progression of disease in both humans and animals (117,150,151). High antileishmanial antibody titers are found in patients with visceral leishmaniasis, while specific antibodies are absent or at low titer in patients with localized, self-healing cutaneous lesions. Passive transfer of serum has failed to protect animals against amastigote challenge (117,152,153). It is possible, however, that antibodies present during progressive leishmaniasis are not directed against protective parasite epitopes. Interestingly, immune sera from convalescent animals have been shown to augment the level of adoptive immunity expressed in recipient animals when administered concurrently with immune T cells (117).
Co-delivery of amphotericin B and pentamidine loaded niosomal gel for the treatment of Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Adnan Anjum, Kanwal Shabbir, Fakhar Ud Din, Shumaila Shafique, Syed Saoud Zaidi, Ali H Almari, Taha Alqahtani, Aleena Maryiam, Muhammad Moneeb Khan, Adel Al Fatease, Sidra Bashir, Gul Majid Khan
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by parasites found in different species of Leishmania (Shirian et al., 2013; Dar et al., 2018). Despite being among the top 10 individual disease burden, Leishmaniasis has been ignored globally (Alvar et al., 2012). Almost 1.5 million new cases of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) are being reported annually (Dar et al., 2018). The main hindrance in controlling the leishmaniasis is non availability of vaccine, safe and effective pharmacological agents and special diagnostic equipment’s (Hailu et al., 2016). CL is a major health risk that can cause variety of diseases ranging from self-healing infections to chronic disfiguring disease (Scott & Novais 2016). CL is characterized by the formation of abscess and chronic inflammation of skin (Rabia et al., 2020). It varies from tinny nodules to plaques and ulcer like lesion on the surface of skin (Batool et al., 2021).
From infection to vaccination: reviewing the global burden, history of vaccine development, and recurring challenges in global leishmaniasis protection
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Greta Volpedo, Ryan H Huston, Erin A Holcomb, Thalia Pacheco-Fernandez, Sreenivas Gannavaram, Parna Bhattacharya, Hira L Nakhasi, Abhay R Satoskar
The preventive strategies for human leishmaniasis to date are restricted to limiting exposure to the vector and preventing bites by using bed nets and insect repellent, wearing clothes that cover usually exposed areas of the body, and avoiding the outdoors at dusk and dawn when sand flies are most active [91]. The development of effective prophylactic vaccines is imperative to control leishmaniasis. It is known that patients who recover from leishmaniasis are protected against subsequent infection [118]. Moreover, prophylactic vaccination with a low dose of L. major in non-exposed areas of the body (leishmanization) has been previously employed in endemic areas as it elicits protective immunity against reinfection [119,120]. Although this practice remains unfeasible due to safety and standardization issues, leishmanization suggests that a wide variety of Leishmania antigens, as well as a low level of parasitic persistence, might be needed to provide long lasting immunity and indicates the feasibility of a vaccine [120].
How can proteomics overhaul our understanding of Leishmania biology?
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
Paul W. Denny, Karunakaran Kalesh
The development and severity of clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis depend not only on the Leishmania spp. but on the many factors pertaining to the susceptible individual such as malnutrition, comorbidities and the state of the immune system. Leishmania spp. parasites have co-evolved with humans in endemic areas and this positive selection pressure has contributed to pathogen survival by latent infection. The development of post-Kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) in some visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients after recovery from the VL, and the development of mucosal lesions in some individuals after several years or even decades of developing primary cutaneous lesions, are indicative of the ability of the parasite to persist within the host even after successful treatment of the initial clinical condition. Clearly, despite years of research, many aspects of the Leishmania-host interaction remain poorly understood. In principle, all antileishmanials that work purely by targeting a parasite protein are likely to eventually fail as the extraordinary genetic plasticity of Leishmania spp. will confer fitness gains enabling the parasite to effectively evolve toward drug-resistant phenotypes. Therefore, an alternative strategy of host-directed therapeutic development has been proposed to tackle this issue. However, in the first place this requires better understanding of the Leishmania-host interaction.