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Other Clinical Forms Emerge in Sri Lanka
Published in Yamuna Deepani Siriwardana, Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka, 2023
Few years later in 2011, occurrence of indigenous visceral leishmaniasis was confirmed in a 57-year-old male from Vavuniya district in Northern Sri Lanka who presented with pyrexia of unknown origin of 6-month duration (Ranasinghe et al., 2012). There was an occupational history of working in the jungle in Vavuniya district in Northern Sri Lanka as a soldier for several months during the period of political unrest, immediately prior to the occurrence of symptoms. Diagnosis had been confirmed by microscopy and in vitro cultivation of Leishmania spp. in bone marrow. Case management or follow-up details are not available on this patient as well.
Ethnopharmacology of the Genus Pilocarpus
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Ronaldo dos Santos Sousa, Mahendra Rai, Chistiane Mendes Feitosa, Leiz Maria Costa Veras, Pedro Vitor Oliveira S. Furtado
Morais et al. (2018) evaluated the antileishmania activity of the essential oil of P. microphyllus. Leishmaniasis is a group of infectious diseases caused by different species of the Leishmania genus. The authors evaluated the antileishmania activity against promastigote forms of Leishmania infantum. In the results, it was reported that the essential oil of this species proved to be very promising against promastigote forms of L. infantum.
Host Defenses Against Prototypical Intracellular Protozoans, the Leishmania
Published in Peter D. Walzer, Robert M. Genta, Parasitic Infections in the Compromised Host, 2020
Richard D. Pearson, Mary E. Wilson
The actual sequence of immune events in vivo is no doubt complex and influenced by multiple variables. Subpopulations of macrophages differ in their ability to bind and ingest amastigotes and to support amastigote replication (206). Furthermore, mononuclear cells of different ages or obtained from different sites such as the peritoneum, liver (Kupffer cells), or skin may vary in their susceptibility to Leishmania (81), their ability to respond to lymphokines, their expression of histocompatibility antigens (207), and their efficacy in activating helper rather than disease-enhancing T cells (208). The various Leishmania species also differ in their susceptibility to killing within activated macrophages (181,196,209). Finally, macrophage activation by lymphokines appears to be less effective at skin temperature than at 37°C, and this may contribute to the chronicity of cutaneous lesions (210). Despite major advances in our understanding of host-parasite interactions, important questions remain about the variables that influence the course of infection in vivo.
Co-delivery of amphotericin B and pentamidine loaded niosomal gel for the treatment of Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Adnan Anjum, Kanwal Shabbir, Fakhar Ud Din, Shumaila Shafique, Syed Saoud Zaidi, Ali H Almari, Taha Alqahtani, Aleena Maryiam, Muhammad Moneeb Khan, Adel Al Fatease, Sidra Bashir, Gul Majid Khan
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by parasites found in different species of Leishmania (Shirian et al., 2013; Dar et al., 2018). Despite being among the top 10 individual disease burden, Leishmaniasis has been ignored globally (Alvar et al., 2012). Almost 1.5 million new cases of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) are being reported annually (Dar et al., 2018). The main hindrance in controlling the leishmaniasis is non availability of vaccine, safe and effective pharmacological agents and special diagnostic equipment’s (Hailu et al., 2016). CL is a major health risk that can cause variety of diseases ranging from self-healing infections to chronic disfiguring disease (Scott & Novais 2016). CL is characterized by the formation of abscess and chronic inflammation of skin (Rabia et al., 2020). It varies from tinny nodules to plaques and ulcer like lesion on the surface of skin (Batool et al., 2021).
Evaluating the effect of oral clarithromycin on acute cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions compared with systemic glucantime
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Naghmeh Zabolinejad, Pouran Layegh, Zahra Abbasi Shaye, Maryam Salehi, Somayeh Ghanizadeh
It should be noted that the best time to observe the therapeutic effect of the drug is when the immune system is healthy and intact. One of the significant points in the treatment of leishmaniasis is the effects and side effects of drug use. Research shows that glucantime has a cardiotoxic effect on myocardium and changes the electrocardiogram. In addition, other complications such as changes in the white blood cell, red blood cell, platelet, monocyte, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and level of liver enzymes are observed. Therefore, it is recommended that the number of liver enzymes be measured before starting treatment (9,14,15). Other drugs used in this field, which have been tested and used on various Leishmania species, include penta-isocyanate, amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, and allopurinol. Due to the spread and prevalence of CL in some parts of Iran and the diagnosis of different types of leishmaniasis and the limited and exclusive effect of fluconazole and ketoconazole on Leishmania major, lack of knowledge of the therapeutic effects of pentamidine and recurrence of the disease, use of allopurinol and glucantime is the best treatment option for all types of Leishmaniasis at 20 mg/kg/body for 20 days. It is therefore necessary to assess the patient in terms of renal, liver, heart, and blood diseases before the treatment (16,17).
From infection to vaccination: reviewing the global burden, history of vaccine development, and recurring challenges in global leishmaniasis protection
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Greta Volpedo, Ryan H Huston, Erin A Holcomb, Thalia Pacheco-Fernandez, Sreenivas Gannavaram, Parna Bhattacharya, Hira L Nakhasi, Abhay R Satoskar
Once the complications of developing a safe and efficacious vaccine can be overcome, the clinical trials need to be properly designed. This might not be a straightforward decision as identifying the right region and population has its own issues. For example, even in Bihar, the Indian state with the highest incidence VL rate, there are areas in the state which reported less than 1 case per 10,000. This incidence is too low to perform a clinical phase 3 including a group receiving the in-test vaccine and another receiving an alternative immunization [229]. Performing clinical trials in endemic regions is necessary to test the protection against Leishmania after challenge, nevertheless, this means that participants will be exposed to the sand flies for uncontrolled times, resulting in differences in the parasite inoculation [230].