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Changing Trends in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Published in Yamuna Deepani Siriwardana, Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka, 2023
A more recent study included military persons serving Northern Sri Lanka. Authors have analysed the clinical profile of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Their findings were consistent with previously described findings in the North. Soldiers serving Northern Sri Lanka are residents of different parts of the country. Therefore, these findings also point towards a parasitic aetiology and not a host association for the observed clinical outcomes (Gunathilaka et al., 2020).
Antiprotozoal Effects of Wild Plants
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Muhammad Subbayyal Akram, Rao Zahid Abbas, José L. Martinez
Visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneus Leishmaniasis are predominantly caused by 20 species of leishmania, some of them are Leishmania chagasi, Leishmania infantum, and Leishmania donovani. All species of Leishmania are almost identical in morphology, but they are different in their biochemical and molecular structures by which their identification is possible through isoenzyme analysis, monoclonal antibodies and by molecular methods (Murray et al. 2005). Worldwide, 88 countries, i.e., 67 countries from the old world and 21 countries from the new world, are affected by the infection of this set of parasites. About 90% visceral leishmaniasis cases were reported only from five countries, which are India, Brazil, Sudan, Bangladesh, and Nepal, and cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis were mainly reported in seven countries—Syria, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Algeria, Iran, Peru and Brazil ((Dey and Singh 2006). Tentatively, 700,000 to 1 million new cases and deaths of 26,000 to 65,000 people are reported annually (WHO 2019a).
Bites
Published in Gail Miriam Moraru, Jerome Goddard, The Goddard Guide to Arthropods of Medical Importance, Seventh Edition, 2019
Gail Miriam Moraru, Jerome Goddard
Sand Flies. Sand fly bites may produce itching papules, vesicles, wheals, and a condition closely resembling papular urticaria. Additionally, sand flies may transmit the parasite responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis. In those cases, exposed skin areas are the most commonly bitten, resulting in papules and nodules that break down, ulcerate, and crust. There is usually healing within a year, but with considerable scarring.
Prevalence of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Middle East: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2023
Mohsen Karami, Tahmineh Gorgani-Firouzjaee, Mohammad Chehrazi
In the next step, duplicate publications were removed, and the initial title and abstract were screened by two independent researchers according to inclusion and exclusion criteria (T.G.F. and M.K.). Only studies conducted on human subjects without time limitations, all population-based, cross-sectional, and cohort peer-reviewed original observational studies reporting the prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Middle East, studies that applied different diagnostic methods such as skin examination, serological and molecular techniques for evaluation of the prevalence of CL were considered for inclusion. Studies which assessed the frequency of cutaneous leishmaniasis on suspected individuals/patients were not eligible for inclusion. In addition, studies that were carried out on non-human subjects, duplicate articles, non-English language papers, experimental research, conference papers, reviews, case reports, case series, and letters or correspondences were excluded from the current work.
The management of Babesia, amoeba and other zoonotic diseases provoked by protozoa
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2023
Clemente Capasso, Claudiu T. Supuran
Leishmania spp. have straightforward life cycles that require a mammalian host and a vector stage. Phlebotomine sandflies spread the parasite Leishmania in the Americas, while the genus Phlebotomus is involved in the other parts of the world [121]. Sandflies become infected by feeding on hosts with active skin lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis or with high parasitemia in the case of visceral leishmaniasis. Parasites become promastigotes in the sandfly midgut and multiply in 4–14 days [121]. These promastigotes travel to the salivary glands, become infectious metacyclic promastigotes, and await feeding. Sandflies inject infective promastigotes into susceptible mammals during eating. Resident phagocytes phagocytize promastigotes, which become tissue-stage amastigotes and divide in a parasitophorous vacuole. The amastigotes impede phagosome acidification, allowing them to persist within phagocytes. Depending on host and parasite parameters, the parasite infects more phagocytic cells at the site of cutaneous infection or in secondary lymphoid organs, causing parasitemia [121]. Leishmania species can stay hidden from the host immune system for years using their own special set of virulence mechanisms. Preventing the spread of the disease via sandflies is a top priority. Transmission can be considerably reduced if people stay inside between dark and dawn when sandflies are most active [122]. Topical insect repellents, bed nets, and clothing coated with permethrin are also efficient at keeping sandflies at bay. Residual household sprays have been used to minimize the prevalence of vectors in residential areas [122].
Assay development in leishmaniasis drug discovery: a comprehensive review
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
Bilal Zulfiqar, Vicky. M. Avery
Based on clinical symptomatology, the disease can be characterized into different forms: visceral (VL), cutaneous (CL) and muco-cutaneous (MCL), where the latter two cause tegumentary pathogenesis and are not fatal [4]. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most prevalent of the clinical manifestations, being a superficial infection, it causes lesion formation on the skin. These lesions can self-heal within months to years depending upon the immune status of the patient, however lesions can form permanent scars causing social stigma, isolation and psychological issues for the patients [5]. On occasion, the infections can evolve into a severe form called muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis, whereby lesions and nodules are formed around the mucosal lining (palate, pharynx, larynx and nasal areas) causing tissue destruction leading to an exaggerated inflammation throughout the region [6]. Visceral leishmaniasis is the lethal form of the disease that, if left untreated, is referred to as kala-azar in the Indian sub-continent [7]. The organs that are affected by VL include the liver, spleen and bone marrow, with pathological symptoms such as sporadic fever, cachexia, anemia, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly [8].