China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Vectors and Reservoir Hosts
Published in Yamuna Deepani Siriwardana, Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka, 2023
During this period, the main clinical form of leishmaniasis continued to be cutaneous leishmaniasis in spite of our finding of L. donovani which is transmitted anthroponotically (Siriwardana et al., 2008). Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (AnCL) is mainly caused by Leishmania tropica and transmitted by Phlebotomus sergenti and Phlebotomus papatasi (Kalra et al., 1986), while the findings in Sri Lanka were different. Further insight into this can be obtained from the findings of subsequent studies conducted by same local researchers (Surendran et al., 2007). Attempts have been made to describe sandfly prevalence and socio-environmental factors leading to man–vector transmission of Leishmania in Northern Sri Lanka in this study (Surendran et al., 2007). The study was conducted in the Delft island in Northern Sri Lanka. There was no awareness on leishmaniasis or the potential role of sandflies as vectors in transmitting the disease. Authors highlighted the need for raising awareness. The same study identified sandfly larvae from cracks of mud floors of house favouring an indoor transmission. They further described the presence of environmental conditions that are conducive to vector prevalence, including crevices in the uniquely constructed parapet-walls made of local coral-stones, highly humid and dry grey loam soil, and extensive growth of pasture grass in the study areas.
Proguanil and Chlorproguanil
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Proguanil has been used to treat babesiosis in animals (Fowler et al., 1972) and the combination of atovaquone and proguanil was used successfully in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and a Babesia microti infection that had proved refractory to other therapies (Vyas et al., 2007). A case report of regression of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a soldier taking ato-vaquone–proguanil anti-malarial prophylaxis led to an assessment of the in vitro susceptibility of isolates of Leishmania tropica (Plourde et al., 2012). There were variable levels of susceptibility in the presence of the com-bination but no data for either drug alone. There are no other published data on the in vitro activity of proguanil and related compounds against non-Plasmodium protozoan parasites.
Genus Leishmania
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2015
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
Distribution and prevalenceLeishmania tropica and L. major, causing cutaneous leishmaniasis, are found across central Africa, the Mideast, South America and South Asia (Figure 1). An estimated 0.7–1.3 million people are infected annually. L. mexicana causes cutaneous leishmaniasis in Central America and Mexico. Visceral leishmaniasis, caused by L. donovani, has an estimated incidence of 0.2–0.4 million cases annually. Most cases are in South Asia and East Africa. Overall, about 30 species of Leishmania are known.
Novel 3-chloro-6-nitro-1H-indazole derivatives as promising antileishmanial candidates: synthesis, biological activity, and molecular modelling studies
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Mohamed Mokhtar Mohamed Abdelahi, Youness El Bakri, Chin-Hung Lai, Karthikeyan Subramani, El Hassane Anouar, Sajjad Ahmad, Mohammed Benchidmi, Joel T. Mague, Jelena Popović-Djordjević, Souraya Goumri-Said
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an extremely polymorphic and heterogeneous group of diseases. A prevalent feature is that they are caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania transmitted by the bite of midges belonging to the subfamily Phebotomidae and commonly known as sand flies1. This disease is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates and currently affects more than 12 million people worldwide in 88 countries, mostly in equatorial and subtropical areas2,3. In the Old World (Europe, Africa, Central Asia, and Middle East), the ulcerated skin lesions typical for CL are mainly triggered by Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica. Meanwhile, in the New World (Latin America), they are induced by Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania guyanensis, and Leishmania mexicana species complexes, of which the former two species complexes can disseminate to the nasopharyngeal tissues and cause eradicated mucosal forms (mucocutaneous leishmaniasis)4. Besides CL, visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also termed as kala-azar is severe Leishmaniasis and is associated with high mortality if left untreated5. VL is cause by L. infantum and often prevalent in Mediterranean and Latin America6. The pathogen is an unusual cause of CL7. The pathways and the mechanisms that lead to inhibition or induction of apoptosis in Leishmania spp. are of particular interest as they will be possible targets for the development of antileishmania drugs5.
Biosynthesis of anti-leishmanial natural products in callus cultures of Artemisia scoparia
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Reema Yousaf, Mubarak Ali Khan, Nazif Ullah, Imdad Khan, Obaid Hayat, Muhammad Aamir Shehzad, Irfan Khan, Faqeer Taj, Nizam Ud Din, Asghar Khan, Ijaz Naeem, Huma Ali
Based on the maximum growth, the calli established in response to 1.5 mg/L BA, 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.5 mg/L BA plus 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D were harvested from the culture flasks and were used for the biological assays. For control treatment, leaf pieces of wild grown A. scoparia were selected for evaluation of the anti-leishmanial activity. The four different extracts used in this study were prepared as previously reported by Ul-Haq et al. [23]. Briefly, the oven-dried callus tissues of the A. scoparia from the selected treatments and wild grown plantlets were ground with mortar and pestle and extracted with methanol. For parasite culture, Leishmania tropica (KWH23) isolates obtained from the Department of Biotechnology, Islamic International University Islamabad, Pakistan, were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated foetal bovine serum (HIFBS), 1% Pen-Strep at 25 ± 1 °C (in 25 cm2 flasks – TPP® Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). After 4 d of incubation, the parasite culture was monitored using an inverted microscope (Olympus®, Tokyo, Japan) and passage for further growth.
Linalool loaded on glutathione-modified gold nanoparticles: a drug delivery system for a successful antimicrobial therapy
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Majid S. Jabir, Ali A. Taha, Usama I. Sahib
The investigation of the cytotoxic potential of Linalool, GNPs and LIN-GNPs on amastigote phase of Leishmania tropica has been done. As shown in Figure 14, the Linalool with 10 µg/mL present slightly inhibiting effects that the cytotoxicity rate reached to 24.5%. Furthermore, GNPs with concentration 10 µg/mL showed moderate inhibitory effect on the L. tropica growth that the cytotoxicity ratio was 38.5%. Whereas, LIN-GNPs with concentration 10 µg/mL displayed highly effective on the parasite that the cytotoxicity rate reached to 72.4% for LIN-GNPs. The results demonstrated that LIN-GNPs had inhibitory effects on amastigote forms of Leishmania parasites. Several mechanisms have been proposed that can kill parasite or vector by nanoparticles [42]. Nanoparticles able to induce production of reactive oxygen species inside the cell, which destroy pathogenic microbes by a process called respiratory burst [43].