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Neurological Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Lesions can be caused by trauma, malignant infiltration, radiation fibrosis or inflammation. Complete lesions give a wasted, weak, numb and areflexic arm; partial lesions may also cause pain in the arm.
Cranial Neuropathies I, V, and VII–XII
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Retropharyngeal lesions: lesions in the retropharyngeal space may result in symptoms referable to the ipsilateral CNs IX, X, and XI in addition to the hypoglossal nerve resulting in ipsilateral tongue weakness, and the ascending sympathetic chain resulting in ipsilateral Horner's syndrome (Villaret's syndrome). Causes of lesions in this location include neoplasms, infections/abscesses, surgical procedures, and trauma.15
DRCOG MCQs for Circuit B Answers
Published in Una F. Coales, DRCOG: Practice MCQs and OSCEs: How to Pass First Time three Complete MCQ Practice Exams (180 MCQs) Three Complete OSCE Practice Papers (60 Questions) Detailed Answers and Tips, 2020
Vulvar dystrophies include hyperplastic dystrophy, lichen sclerosus, leukoplakia and VIN. The most common symptom is pruritus. The malignant potential is <5%. Definitive diagnosis is made by biopsy of the lesion. Lichen sclerosus is due to elastic tissue turning to collagen with the vulva becoming white, flat and shiny. This is not premalignant. Treatment is with 3% testosterone cream. However, leukoplakia may be premalignant and presents as white patches on and around the vulva. Treatment is with topical corticosteroids.
Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy in neuroendocrine neoplasms and related tumors: from fundamentals to personalization and the newer experimental approaches
Published in Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development, 2023
Dual tracer PET-CT i.e. molecular imaging with both SSTR targeting agents like 68Ga-DOTATATE/NOC/TOC and metabolic imaging with 18F-FDG has emerged as an important tool for evaluation of metastatic NENs, before the treatment decision making [24]. This is being adopted by most of the centers alongside histopathology, the Ki-67 proliferation index. The proliferation index is the proportion of MIB-1-positive cells out of at least 2000 manually counted cells in areas of highest mitotic density. According to the WHO 2017 criteria [25], there are three grades of well-differentiated NENs classified as G1 (Ki-67 < 3%), G2 (Ki-67 3–20%), and G3 (Ki-67 > 20%), but there are situations where the reliability of Ki-67 index has been questioned as (i) a limited biopsy from the single lesion may not represent actual tumor biology, and (ii) there are also factors producing errors as inter-lesional heterogeneity which can be better addressed with whole-body molecular imaging with PET/CT.
Fleck-like lesions in CEP290-associated leber congenital amaurosis: a case series
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2022
Tomas S. Aleman, Erin C. O’Neil, Katherine E. Uyhazi, Kelsey M. Parchinski, Arlene J. Santos, Mariejel L. Weber, Sherice P. Colclough, Andrew S. Billek, Xiaosong Zhu, Bart P. Leroy, Emma C. Bedoukian
A different type of lesions was also observed in some of our patients. Discrete pericentral dots, hyperautofluorescent on SW-FAF but not visible on fundus exam, scattered within this region of more severe photoreceptor degeneration. On SD-OCT cross-section the lesions were hyperreflective and localized within the inner retina in the vicinity of blood vessels. Inner retinal glial and synaptic remodeling occurs secondary to photoreceptor degenerations and has been well documented in CEP290-LCA (24,54,55). Discrete hyperautofluorescent lesions have been reported in various retinal degenerations, usually as crystalline retinopathies (56,57). Retinal glial cells, particularly Müller cells, show the strongest autofluorescence within the inner retina on two-photon autofluorescence imaging (58). The appearance and location of the lesions, both in cross-section, as well as within the retina, in regions of ongoing photoreceptor degeneration and secondary inner retinal remodeling (see Figure S1), supports a possible glial origin of these lesions.
Oral manifestations of extranodal lymphomas – a review of the literature with emphasis on clinical implications for the practicing dentist
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2022
Malin Höglund Wetter, Ulf Mattsson
Three-hundred and twenty-one cases (217 men and 104 women; mean age 45.6 years, SD 20.5) were found. The average time from debut of symptoms to clinical examination was 3.1 months (SD 5.3). The most common subjective symptom was that the patient had noted a swelling/tumour mass or ulceration, but the lesion itself was not necessarily accompanied by pain or major discomfort (Tables 2a and 2b). The clinical size varied, but the fact that 157 cases (63%) had a largest diameter exceeding 3 cm indicated that the growth rate could be relatively fast. A tentative diagnosis had been given in 167 cases and included a wide variety of both malignant and non-malignant alternatives. Malignancy of any sort was considered as a diagnostic alternative in 66 cases, but lymphoma or lymphoproliferative disease was only specified in 11 cases. Also, as shown in Table 3, a large number of patients were initially treated under a tentative diagnosis of dental origin.